15 Essay Topics on the Internet History

15 Essay Topics on the Internet History Today, we’re writing about the history of the Internet. This is a three-part guide that will assist you in writing an excellent and highly proficient essay. In this guide, you’ll find some very interesting and informative facts on Internet’s history. The other two guides are briefly explained at the bottom of this page. Here are 20 facts on the Internet’s history to help you write a proficient essay: The term Internet was first coined by the US Department of Defense to ease internal communications. California became the birthplace of the first ever Internet communications to take place. The term World Wide Web came into existence in 1989 rather late after the first ever electronic computing devices. And the company that conceived it was NEXT, created by Steve Jobs. The first ever message to be sent using Internet communications or protocols was LO. This happened in Stanford as a user tried to type in LOGIN. The user’s name was Charley Kline, who at the time was a student at UCLA. After entering the first â€Å"L† and â€Å"O†, the system crashed, though about an hour later the system was recovered and the first message ever on the Internet was sent. The protocols for Internet were developed by ARPANET (Advanced Research Project Agency Network), a company which worked on early packet switching networks in 1970s which made it possible to join multiple networks. File sharing on the Internet was made possible in 1989 at McGill University due to an accident that closed their FTP server. Before that, sharing was only possible in point-to-point communications. It wasn’t available for a wide area network. Commercial ISPs (Internet service providers) emerged in the 1980s where the common man could now enjoy the advantages of being online. For the first time, the Internet was provided by the US government in some of the states. In 1995, the remaining restrictions were removed and the Internet was made widely available to the public. â€Å"Internet† is short for Internet Transmission Control. The term was somewhat abbreviated in 1974. In 1982, the name Internet was made official.   The term â€Å"surfing† came about in 1992 in New York by a lady who was new to the Internet.   According to various scientific schools of thought, telegraph machines are said to be the inspiration behind the Internet. But largely, it is accredited to a man named Leonard Kleinrock who wrote a paper called â€Å"Information Flow in Large Communication Nets†.   The Internet time is being maintained or tracked by a digital clock that was created in Colorado, which is so accurate that it will reportedly not make an error in 20 million years. This clock is responsible for maintaining Internet time.   Electronic emails came into being in 1972, and were ‘invented’ by Ray Tomlinson, a scientist from the University of Cambridge. This sophisticated invention introduced the difference between sender and receiver and could identify email addresses. Queen Elizabeth sent her first email in 1976, the first ever state leader to use the Internet for communication purposes. Around 3.2 billion people browse the web (worldwide), with Asians making the largest chunk totaling 1.7 billion users, which makes it around 45% of the total population. The Internet has also reached third world countries, and around 30% of the population in third world countries has Internet access. However, a good Internet connection is yet to reach many areas. The Internet is growing faster than the population, with the population change rate standing around 1.13%, and the Internet users are increasing at around 7%, with the user base expected to hit 4 billion in the next four years. Internet addiction is considered a disease in some parts of the world, including China where there are special treatment camps for Internet users. According to Tao Ran, China’s first Internet addiction treatment clinic’s director, around 40% of ‘patients’ suffer from hyperactivity due to the constant use of the Internet. In the year 1965, Mr. Donald Davies suggested a proposal of national data network which was based entirely on packet-switching. Althought his proposal of doing so wasn’t recognized nationally, Mr. Donald went on and made the Mark I packet-switched network in 1970. Mark I worked under real-life operational conditions and moreover fulfilled the needs of a multidisciplinary laboratory. In the later years, 1976 to be specific, the system became even more operational as around 75 terminal devices and 12 computers were connected, as the years progressed more were added until 1986 when it was replaced. ARPANET was the one it got replaced with and if we look at the history of the Internet we’d find that NPL and ARPANET were the first two networks that effectively and practically used packet switching. If we are to look at the history of the Internet, the French advanced just as quickly as the Americans did in packet switching. CYCLADES was the very first packet switching network which was designed and implemented by Louis Pouzin. It was seen in action in 1973, and was originally to be introduced to provide alternative options to the ARPANET design, which was still in its adolescence. CYCLADES was going to be a general system to support network research on a wider and a more multidirectional way. It was a complex and intricate system that was able to create a feedback system where the host was responsible for the data transfer. Before the introduction of CYCLADES, the network was responsible to do so, however due to CYCLADES’ end-to-end protocol system it was a better option to do so. These were 11 interesting facts on the Internet’s history through which you can extract some good material for your essay. The next part of this guide is 20 topics on Internet history for a proficient custom essay, and in the third part, titled, how to write a history essay on the Internet, we’ll have tips on how to create a similar essay. We wish you all the best for your research work. References: Peters, J. (2016). The idealist : Aaron Swartz and the rise of free culture on the Internet. New York: Scribner. Powers, S. Jablonski, M. (2015). The real cyber war : the political economy of Internet freedom. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. Ryan, J. (2010). A history of the Internet and the digital future. London, England: Reaktion Books. Dechow, D., Struppa, D. Nelson, T. (2015). Intertwingled : the work and influence of Ted Nelson. Cham: Springer. Gillies, J. Cailliau, R. (2000). How the Web was born : the story of the World Wide Web. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Birman, K. (2005). Reliable distributed systems : technologies, Web services, and applications. New York: Springer. Mueller, M. (2010). Networks and states the global politics of Internet governance. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press.

Consumer Behaviour Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Consumer Behaviour - Assignment Example A synopsis of their responses is identified in the following table. Influencing Factors Respondent 1 Respondent 2 Respondent 3 Respondent 4 Name Stuart Jane Mark Danial Age 23 35 31 28 Perception about Body cosmetics Thinks that body cosmetics are important part of personal hygiene Thinks that body cosmetics have become a necessity Thinks that cosmetics ultimately worsen the body conditions Thinks that body cosmetics are highly important Perception about Body Lotion Thinks that they have become an important part of cosmetics Thinks that creams and shower gel can do the job Thinks that normal soaps and massage oils are the best Would certainly like to own one Description of their self Considers himself as an early adopter of new products Is not very brand loyal; Will buy any product offered at competitive price Believes in Tried and tested products Is always anxious to update his fashion statement Social Influence in Product purchase decisions He would opt for personal investigation r ather than social groups Prefers to take the help from his peers before purchasing a decision. Believes that social pressures are not that important. Individuality matters more Wants to stand out from his peers in terms of the products he uses Influence of Cultural Background Thinks that culture stops him from being an early adopter Considers that culture defines the limits to his purchase decisions Considers that Culture is most important in purchase decisions Has no consideration for culture. Can opt for any product if it suits his needs Psychological Factors Thinks that the promotions is most important in motivating consumers to buy the product Thinks that the texture of the product and its physical layout is most important Thinks that the most important factor is the utility that the product provides Thinks that the linkage between consumer need and the utility of the product can motivate the customer to buy Recommendations for Aqua Mist Considers the product to be reliable beca use of the brand name; wants to buy the product immediately Considers that although the product is good, more work should be done on the layout of the lotion bottle and the logo Won’t buy the product as it does not offer any think new in his opinion. Wants to buy the product if it is readily available in the market and hype for the lotion Is created. Considering the responses provided by the respondents and evaluating the characteristics of Aqua Mist and the related product line of Lush Cosmetics, we can easily identify that the prospects of this product are great. If the company launches the product with a clear reference to the brand and clearly communicates the core characteristics of the body lotion, the customers will be eager to buy the product (Kardes, 2011). CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: In the introduction of the report we clearly identified that the Lush cosmetics is a well established company which has its operations running in several countries and therefore, i t has the privilege of enjoying a strong brand name and some loyal consumer base. We then identified the product line expansion strategy of the company in terms of launching a new product called Aqua Mist and related product categories. When considering the decisions like product launch, it is important that a thorough research on the market conditions and the consumers of the products is made and to accomplish the task we identified some of the factors that

Management and Leadership Analysis for TESCO Company Essay

Management and Leadership Analysis for TESCO Company - Essay Example But in terms of foreign establishment, it is recommended that TESCO should apply Behavioral Leadership approach along with its Task Performance and Maintenance Performance categories. Democratic style of leadership is recommended in general conditions but to counter the high internal and external threat, autocratic leadership style would beneficial to TESCO. TESCO plc is a UK based international grocery and general products retail chain. With respect to worldwide sales and UK market share, Tesco is the largest British retailer that currently has profit greater than 03 billion pounds while at the same time it is 3rd largest global retailer based on revenue, after United State’s Wal-Mart and France’s Carrefour. Presently TESCO is operating 923 grocery stores and approximately 240,000 workers. During the last decade, the company has expanded its network to new UK supermarkets in new territories. Moreover, from 1994 to 2004, the company had launched its operations in 12 international markets including Central Europe and Asian markets. TESCO’s internationalization has direct repercussions on its operational management. It includes a variety of planning, retail designing and process, operational management and controlling, stock management, and human resource management. Several internal and external factors have created serious implications for TESCO during recent years. Along with other UK and US markets, TESCO has also been affected by the global recession and has economic concerns through the credit crunch. Rising prices of raw material used for food and non-food products has created an overall negative impact on profit margins. As far as market competitors are concerned, United State’s Wal-Mart is a persisting threat for TESCO that may take over the market with respect to profit and share.

Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002 Essay Example for Free

Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002 Essay Descriptions of the main aspects of the regulatory environment which will protect the public from fraud within corporations are going to be provided in this paper. A special attention to the Sarbanes – Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX) requirement; along with an evaluation of whether Sarbanes-Oxley Act will be effective in avoiding future frauds based on their implemented rules and regulations. The main aspects of the regulatory environment are based on the different laws and regulations the different governmental institutions such as federal, state, and local developed to create control over business practices. The regulatory environment creates a positive business financial operational environment as well as efficiency in management, integration of capital flow and domestic savings. For instance, the Securities Act of 1933 which provides regulations and laws to those offering corporate stocks to the public (University of Phoenix, 2014). Another regulatory environment is the Securities Act of 1934. The Securities Act of 1934 regulates and uses laws for trading stocks on markets that are consider as secondary markets like the New York Stock Exchange. The Securities Act of 1933 also provides the requirements for financial reporting and auditing for corporations (University of Phoenix, 2014). When looking at the history of the business environment regulatory compliance has been part of the process of conducting business. In addition, in most industries the different organizations are going to find different rules and regulations that are presented by the government, requiring companies to follow them. In the event, these are not followed the business will be confronted with penalties for not following the regulations that are clearly defined by the government. As time progresses, many regulations were created to help and prevent fraud against the public. Some of these regulations include the requirement of state filing, and laws to create fair lending to the public. An example of this is the Securities and Exchange Commission also known as the SEC. The SEC is a major aspect of the regulatory environment. â€Å"The mission of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission is to protect investors, maintain fair, orderly, and efficient markets, and facilitate capital formation † (SEC, 2013, para. 1). In today’s environment, many are utilizing the market as a way to secure their future. The way to secure the future is by purchasing and paying for a home, pay for children college tuition, as well as any  other expenses. As investors, it is important that the SEC does protect these individuals. According to the SEC (2013) â€Å"the common interest of all Americans in a growing economy that produces jobs, improves our standard of living, and protects the value of our savings means that all of the SECs actions must be taken with an eye toward promoting the capital formation that is necessary to sustain economic growth† (para. 4). The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (2013) states â€Å"the laws and rules that govern the securities industry in the United States derive from a simple and straightforward concept: all investors, whether large institutions or private individuals, should have access to certain basic facts about an investment prior to buying it, and so long as they hold it† (para. 6). To ensure this rule is followed by ever organization the SEC requires public companies to make the appropriate financial state available to the general public. Making this statement public, future investors as well as current investors can clearly see and determine whether or not the investor wants to purchase, sell or hold an investment. The SEC (2013) also states â€Å"the result of this information flow is a far more active, efficient, and transparent capital market that facilitates the capital formation so important to our nations economy† (para. 7). The SEC is proactively working with other major markets that participate in environmental securities to certify that this guideline is being followed. One of the SEC functions is to supervise the participants in the area of securities world. The securities would include the areas of securities exchanges, securities brokers and dealers, mutual funds as well as investment advisors. Another function the SEC provides is the promotion of disclosure of market related information and to maintain appropriate dealings. In addition, as a yearly procedure the SEC submits civil enforcement actions to those individuals and companies violating any of the securities laws. The infractions can include accounting fraud, trading misconduct, and providing deceptive as well as false information in regards the company’s procedures or securities. In doing this yearly event and disclosing market related data, it allows the SEC to protect companies and individuals against fraud. The SEC is an organization that works closely with other institutions to ensure rules and regulations are implemented and followed by the public. Some of the institutions that work with the SEC include Congress, self-regulatory organizations such as stock  exchange, federal departments, the state securities regulators, and different private sector. The Securities and Exchange Commission is one of the main regulatory environments that assist to protect the public from fraud that a corporation can commit. Another regulatory environment that collaborates with the enforcement of the rules and regulations is the Sarbanes – Oxley Act (SOX). The Sarbanes – Oxley is a regulatory act â€Å"passed by Congress in 2002 in response to a series of massive corporate frauds (i.e., Enron, WorldCom)† (University of Phoenix, 2014, p. 3). When Congress passed the Sarbanes-Oley Act, it was â€Å"to provide greater protections to investors, creditors, and other stakeholders† (University of Phoenix, 2014, p. 3). SOX will provide greater protection by â€Å"reducing unethical corporate behavior† (University of Phoenix, 2014, p. 3). The SOX play a major function with the SEC because not only this also helps protect the public from fraud a corporation can commit, but because this can provide solutions to issues, the SE C is confronted with based on fraudulent accounting practices. A scandal and major concerns on how American Corporations are governed was the Enron and WorldCom scandal of a series of massive corporation frauds. As a result, the Public Company Accounting Reform and Investor Protection Act of 2002 were developed. The act was established to improve transparency, and to create new standards for accounting firms, for management at senior level, for executives, and for board members of public companies. According to Corporate Secretary (2014) a condition this act present is that companies are required â€Å"to have robust internal control systems that can be built into their compliance processes to promote integrity and accuracy within their business operations (para. 2). With the passing of the Public Company Accounting Reform and Investor Protection Act, Congress intent was to help reduce unethical behavior and to eliminate future corporation scandals. As a result of the creation of the Public Company Accounting Reform and Investor Protection Act the penalties for fraudulent financial activities are more severe (Corporate Secretary, 2014). The Sarbanes – Oxley Act has played an important role in the regulatory environment which will protect the public from fraud within corporations. Even when this act has played an important role it is clear the implementation of the act by legislation is not going to solve the problem of fraud. However; with the implementation of The Sarbanes – Oxley  Act, of The Securities and Exchange Commission, The Securities Act of 1933, and The Securities Act of 1934 it has assisted with minimizing fraud as well as to create transparency when companies are following rules and regulations presented by the gover nment. References Corporate Secretary. (2014). Ten events that have changed corporate governance. Retrieved from http://www.corporatesecretary.com/articles/regulation-and-legal/12277/ten-events-have-changes-corporate-governance/ University of Phoenix. (2014). Week 1 Study Guide: Introduction to Financial Reporting. Retrieved from University of Phoenix, ACC561 Accounting website. U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. (2013). The Investors Advocate: How the SEC Protects Investors, Maintains Market Integrity, and Facilitates Capital Formation. Retrieved from http://www.sec.gov/about/whatwedo.shtml U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. (2013). Codification of Staff Accounting Bulletins. Retrieved from http://www.sec.gov/interps/account/sabcodet1.htm

The Free Will of Macbeth Essay -- Macbeth essays

The Free Will of Macbeth      Ã‚   Destiny "Destiny is not a matter of chance, it is a matter of choice; it is not a thing to be waited for, it is a thing to be achieved." (William Jennings Bryan) Are we in control of our own destiny, our own fate, or are our lives really already planned and mapped out for us? Does Macbeth willfully choose evil in order to achieve his "destiny"? Or, is his "destiny" doomed by the witches' prophecies? Macbeth may not have made any of his same choices, if the three Weird sisters hadn't come to him. In Shakespeare's play Macbeth, Macbeth is no pawn of fate. Although Macbeth was destined to become king, the path he chose to take to achieve his aspiration of obtaining the throne was of his own free will. Macbeth knew exactly what he was doing in order to attain his destiny of becoming king. Although Macbeth was skeptical about the witches' predictions he later learned as the play progressed that destiny truly determined his future.    The prophecy of the witches was that Macbeth would become king. Nowhere did the witches predict the following events in Macbeth's life before he reached the throne. The prophecy of Macbeth becoming Thane of Cawdor had already come true, enhancing Macbeth's aspirations of becoming king. The second prophecy would certainly come true for him, but he has to choose how to get there. Macbeth was destined for the throne, however obtaining that destiny was completely up to him. Killing Duncan seemed to be the only way for him, even though he knew it was wrong. Macbeth was well-aware his actions were immoral and unjust, and he continued with the murders anyway. He contemplates the reasons for why it would be wrong to kill Duncan, showing he could have ... ...rely different way if he had not already been told his future. The witches could have very well enhanced Macbeth's desires he had held up inside him, causing him to make such evil and terrible choices. Macbeth believed that there was a destiny, for he was so threatened by Banquo's destiny of being father to a whole line of kings, that he had Banquo murdered. As the play progressed, Macbeth learned that his destiny ultimately forms his future.    All Macbeth's actions were choices to attain his destiny, but they were nonetheless choices of his own free will. Macbeth was destined to become king; however, destiny doesn't come along with the choices made to achieve that destiny. Macbeth knew what he was doing.    Work Cited Shakespeare, William.   Tragedy of Macbeth . Ed. Barbara Mowat and Paul  Ã‚   Warstine. New York: Washington Press, 1992.  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Frito Lay Case Study

Develop A Plan for Implementing the Chosen Alternative Porter’s Generic Business Strategy Cost Leadership Strategy It is a low cost strategy focusing on broad mass market. – Requires good scale facilities, tight cost and overhead controls and cost minimization in selected functional areas like manufacturing cost, marketing, r & d and advertising Reasons for cost reduction:- Learning experience Frito Lay’s is a worldwide leading manufacturer of snack chips and has 8 to 10 top ten famous brand with brand loyalty customers. They have skills and thereby increase the productivity of the labour.Specialisation and division labour Standardization of work may increase productivity by labour. Efficency is the key factor with less training. – Economies of scale Mass production will reduce the cost. As per test market, Frito Lay’s will be serving about 1. 98 million households that are identified as users of snack chips at the area of Minneapolis – St. P aul Metropolitan. As such, – Control of expenses can charge lower price to customer – Low price strategy serves as a barrier of entry to competitors Differentiation Strategy It is pursued when the product can be differentiatedSun Chips Multigrain Snack is a crispy consisting of blend whole wheat, rice, corn and oat flours with lightly salty multigrain taste and slightly sweet aftertaste. Brand loyalty able to create barriers to entry for new entrants Frito Lay’s has good reputable brand name with their other well-known brand and it is difficult for competitors to entry for new entrants due to high cost of marketing. Frito Lay could use their brand name as the key differentiating strategy in attracting new customer 3. Focus Strategy – Focuses on certain segments of the market in selling productsFrito Lay’s target market segment is those who is taking snack but not everyday because of health conscious concerns – Able to focus efforts on specif ic target market segment more efficiently Develop A Plan for Implementing the Chosen Alternative Porter’s Generic Business Strategy Cost Leadership Strategy It is a low cost strategy focusing on broad mass market. – Requires good scale facilities, tight cost and overhead controls and cost minimization in selected functional areas like manufacturing cost, marketing, r & d and advertisingReasons for cost reduction:- Learning experience Frito Lay’s is a worldwide leading manufacturer of snack chips and has 8 to 10 top ten famous brand with brand loyalty customers. They have skills and thereby increase the productivity of the labour. Specialisation and division labour Standardization of work may increase productivity by labour. Efficency is the key factor with less training. – Economies of scale Mass production will reduce the cost. As per test market, Frito Lay’s will be serving about 1. 8 million households that are identified as users of snack chips at the area of Minneapolis – St. Paul Metropolitan. As such, – Control of expenses can charge lower price to customer – Low price strategy serves as a barrier of entry to competitors Differentiation Strategy It is pursued when the product can be differentiated Sun Chips Multigrain Snack is a crispy consisting of blend whole wheat, rice, corn and oat flours with lightly salty multigrain taste and slightly sweet aftertaste.Brand loyalty able to create barriers to entry for new entrants Frito Lay’s has good reputable brand name with their other well-known brand and it is difficult for competitors to entry for new entrants due to high cost of marketing. Frito Lay could use their brand name as the key differentiating strategy in attracting new customer 3. Focus Strategy – Focuses on certain segments of the market in selling products Frito Lay’s target market segment is those who is taking snack but not everyday because of health conscious concer ns – Able to focus efforts on specific target market segment more efficiently Frito Lay Case Study Develop A Plan for Implementing the Chosen Alternative Porter’s Generic Business Strategy Cost Leadership Strategy It is a low cost strategy focusing on broad mass market. – Requires good scale facilities, tight cost and overhead controls and cost minimization in selected functional areas like manufacturing cost, marketing, r & d and advertising Reasons for cost reduction:- Learning experience Frito Lay’s is a worldwide leading manufacturer of snack chips and has 8 to 10 top ten famous brand with brand loyalty customers. They have skills and thereby increase the productivity of the labour.Specialisation and division labour Standardization of work may increase productivity by labour. Efficency is the key factor with less training. – Economies of scale Mass production will reduce the cost. As per test market, Frito Lay’s will be serving about 1. 98 million households that are identified as users of snack chips at the area of Minneapolis – St. P aul Metropolitan. As such, – Control of expenses can charge lower price to customer – Low price strategy serves as a barrier of entry to competitors Differentiation Strategy It is pursued when the product can be differentiatedSun Chips Multigrain Snack is a crispy consisting of blend whole wheat, rice, corn and oat flours with lightly salty multigrain taste and slightly sweet aftertaste. Brand loyalty able to create barriers to entry for new entrants Frito Lay’s has good reputable brand name with their other well-known brand and it is difficult for competitors to entry for new entrants due to high cost of marketing. Frito Lay could use their brand name as the key differentiating strategy in attracting new customer 3. Focus Strategy – Focuses on certain segments of the market in selling productsFrito Lay’s target market segment is those who is taking snack but not everyday because of health conscious concerns – Able to focus efforts on specif ic target market segment more efficiently Develop A Plan for Implementing the Chosen Alternative Porter’s Generic Business Strategy Cost Leadership Strategy It is a low cost strategy focusing on broad mass market. – Requires good scale facilities, tight cost and overhead controls and cost minimization in selected functional areas like manufacturing cost, marketing, r & d and advertisingReasons for cost reduction:- Learning experience Frito Lay’s is a worldwide leading manufacturer of snack chips and has 8 to 10 top ten famous brand with brand loyalty customers. They have skills and thereby increase the productivity of the labour. Specialisation and division labour Standardization of work may increase productivity by labour. Efficency is the key factor with less training. – Economies of scale Mass production will reduce the cost. As per test market, Frito Lay’s will be serving about 1. 8 million households that are identified as users of snack chips at the area of Minneapolis – St. Paul Metropolitan. As such, – Control of expenses can charge lower price to customer – Low price strategy serves as a barrier of entry to competitors Differentiation Strategy It is pursued when the product can be differentiated Sun Chips Multigrain Snack is a crispy consisting of blend whole wheat, rice, corn and oat flours with lightly salty multigrain taste and slightly sweet aftertaste.Brand loyalty able to create barriers to entry for new entrants Frito Lay’s has good reputable brand name with their other well-known brand and it is difficult for competitors to entry for new entrants due to high cost of marketing. Frito Lay could use their brand name as the key differentiating strategy in attracting new customer 3. Focus Strategy – Focuses on certain segments of the market in selling products Frito Lay’s target market segment is those who is taking snack but not everyday because of health conscious concer ns – Able to focus efforts on specific target market segment more efficiently

Contractual Right and Responsibilities - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1486 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? 1 | Page Contractual Right and Responsibilities Nowadays there are a lot of rights and responsibilities for employer as well as employee at every work place. Rights at work depend on statutory rights written by law and contract of employment in between an employer and an employee. The contract of employment can differ slightly within the businesses but statutory rights are all similar for everyone. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Contractual Right and Responsibilities" essay for you Create order What an employer is responsible for and the legislation that affects that? There are lot of statutory rights from an employer based on laws passed by Parliament. They are: to be paid the national minimum wage not to have illegal deductions made to have paid holidays, at least 28 days a year to receive a written contract to have itemised pay slips to have time off work for trade union duties; if being redundant; for study or training for 16-17 year olds; for antenatal care to have paid maternity, paternity and adoption leave to ask for flexible working to work 48-hour a week, have weekly and daily rest breaks no discrimination to work till at least 65 to receive notice of dismissal, as well as written reasons for that; employee can claim compensation if unfairly dismissed to claim redundancy pay to work partà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"time and receive the same contractual rights as a full-time worker Under Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 employers are responsible for health and safety management. It is their duty to protect the health and safety of their employees and other people who can be affected by their business. They should carry out risk assessments at work for identifying any harm at a workplace. Employees should receive a full Health and Safety training before starting any job especially building jobs; they should know how to deal with the risks at work.[1] Contract of Employment The contract of employment is a written or verbal agreement between the employer and the employee. After 2 months of employment every employee should receive a written contract of employment. Contract of Employment must include such elements as: Job title which position you are going to occupy Wages how much money are you going to be paid Hours of work à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" how many hours a week you are going to work Sick pay à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" how much are you going to be paid while being sick Holiday entitlement à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" how many paid days off are you going to have a year Pension schemes Notice à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" how many days before you should notify your employer about leaving the job Grievance, dismissal and disciplinary procedures[2] What an employee required to do and the legislation affecting them? The employee required to know all the statutory rights they have and always read through the contract of employment before signing it. Employees are responsible for: Carrying out the duties of their position Complying with workplace rules, regulations, policies and legislation Informing the supervisor or manager of any unlawful or discriminatory behaviour Treating clients, co-workers and the public with respect By law employees are responsible: to create a healthy environment at work which will be free of discrimination to cooperate with and participate in the employerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s attempts in accommodating employeeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s needs that are protected by law to cooperate with the employer in accommodating co-workers. For example: if there is an employee with a disability, other employees might be doing the job which disable person cannot perform to follow Health and Safety rules at a work place to co-operate with employers and co-workers or not to have an offensive behaviour at work and outside There are lots of rights and responsibilities for every person involved in work process. The most important thing is to obey these rules and always to carry out only legal actions which are protected by law.[3] Employment Legislation Working time regulations You have basic rights as a full-time employee. They are: you cannot work more than 48 hours a week you are entitled to 28 days paid leave per year if you work 5 days a week you are permitted to have at least 11 hours rest between working days after working 6 hours or work you need to have a 20-minute rest break you have the right to either 24 hour free from work period each week or 48 hours each fortnight National Minimum Wage As of 1 October 2013 national minimum wage is:  £6.31 per hour à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 21 years old and more  £5.03 per hour à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 18-20 years old  £3.72 per hour à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 16-17 years old Sick Leave and Pay If you are sick and not able to work you only need to inform your employer and to provide proof of illness after 7 days off work sick. Weekly Statutory Sick Pay is  £86.70 for up to 28 weeks. Notice of dismissal The procedure of dismissal is: send you a written statement with the reason to dismiss you hold a meeting with you to discuss the matter hold an appeal meeting with you, if you are not agree with your employer and want to appeal against dismissal if you still disagree with the result of your appeal you can still take your employer to an employment tribunal The period of notice is: one week à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" if you worked for one month but less than 2 years two weeks à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" if you worked for two whole years one extra week for each year of employment Employment Act 2008 The employerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s duty is to make reasonable adjustments to grievance, disciplinary and other workplace procedures. Disciplinary situations include misconduct and poor performance. Grievances are concerns, problems or complaints that employees can raise with their employers[4]. Equality Act 2010 The Equality Act consists with over 116 separate bits of legislation into one single Act. The nine main bits are: the Equal Pay Act 1970 the Sex Discrimination Act 1975 the Disability Discrimination Act 1995 the Race Relations Act 1976 the Employment Equality Regulations 2003 (Religion and Sexual Orientation) the Employment Equality Regulations 2006 the Employment Equality Regulations 2006 part 2 the Equality(Sexual Orientation) Regulations 2007 Data Protection Act 1998 Any company or professional that wants to store personal data from their clients are under requirements of the Data Protection Act. There are several requirements: Information must be processed fairly and lawfully Information collected must be processed for limited purposes Information collected must be accurate and up to date Information collected must be adequate, relevant and not excessive Information must be processed according to individualà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s rights Information must be not held for longer than is necessary Information must be kept secure Information must not be spread outside the European Economic Area Working in office Under the legislation there are several rules which have to be followed while working in an office. They are: Working Environment: cleanliness à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" all furniture, furnishings and fittings in the office shall be kept in a clean state overcrowding à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" the room where you work shouldnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t be overcrowded that may lead to injury at a work place temperature à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" effective provision shall be made for maintaining a reasonable temperature in the office ventilation à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" the room should be ventilating frequently lighting à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" there should always sufficient and suitable lighting in the room, whether natural or artificial[5] Welfare Facilities: sanitary conveniences there should be suitable and sufficient sanitary conveniences for workers use; they should be kept clean all the time washing facilities à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" there should be suitable washing facilities, supply of clean towels and soap, cold and warm water supply of drinking water should be sufficient and clean rest and eating à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" there should be suitable rest facilities where workers can eat meals; there should be a canteen or a place where workers can obtain hot food changing facilities à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" there should be changing facilities in areas where special clothing is required(for example: uniforms or special protective clothes) Workplace Safety: maintenance à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" any equipment or part of the workplace that could bring a risk to the health, safety or welfare of staff should be maintained in a safe condition floors, doors, walls and windows à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" should be in good condition, should be made from safety materials and protected against breakage While working in the office you will be dealing with lots of different electric devices. Letà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s take as an example Display Screen Equipment (DSE). If you regularly use DSE at work you must: analyse workstations to assess and reduce risks of injury make sure controls are in place have a special training obtaining all information required for use of this equipment do regular eye and eyesight tests[6] Jevgenija MalisevskajaCentre number 54354Unit 17, Task 3 [1] material were taken from https://www.hse.gov.uk/workers/responsibilities.htm [2] materials were taken from https://www.out-law.com/page-455 [3] Materials were taken from https://www.adviceguide.org.uk/england/work_e/work_rights_at_work_e/basic_rights_at_work.htm [4] Materials were taken from https://www.adviceguide.org.uk/england/work_e/work_rights_at_work_e/basic_rights_at_work.htm [5] Materials were taken from https://www.adviceguide.org.uk/england/work_e/work_rights_at_work_e/basic_rights_at_work.htm [6] Materials were taken from https://www.adviceguide.org.uk/england/work_e/work_rights_at_work_e/basic_rights_at_work.htm