Classical Societies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Classical Societies - Essay Example They are mostly influenced by the nature of work they produce as they are of unique and elaborate quality. According to (Hunt For,2007)â€Å"  Classical period of ancient Greek history is fixed between 480 B.C., when the Greeks began to come into conflict with the kingdom of Persia to the east and 338 B.C., when Philip II of Macedonia with son Alexander defeated the Greek†. The art work of classical Greece style depicts the independent identity of human beings. It also shows the freedom of movement and freedom of expression of mankind of that era. In classical Greece artwork, the artist experimented the true nature of man and artist expand themselves beyond the aesthetic boundaries. Here the artist utilized the human expressions and nature to carve out masterpieces in marble. Here ,the human figure is utilized in many ways to bring out the best artistic value in them. The artwork here is projecting a girl who is holding doves in her hand which is a symbol of peace and harmon y.Normally, this kind of art work which is carved in marble,with a girl in the portfolio is seen to be placed in Greek Cemeteries.The greek girl standing here bows her head down to the dove which symbolizes her seriousness, which is not usually seen in a a girl of her age.This artwork was sculpted around 450 and 440 B.C.

Unemployment and People Essay Example for Free

Unemployment and People Essay Since the dawn of human history, individual needs have been prioritized by every human being. These individual needs can be met by proper sources of employment. After the transformation of the world from a feudal to an industrial society, the needs of an individual have risen sharply, giving due importance to finance. In Pakistan, due to gigantic rise in population, individual finances have been disturbed a lot. This is because of rising unemployment. According to Samuelson: â€Å"Unemployment occurs if there are qualified workers who would be willing to work at prevailing wages but cannot find jobs. Unemployment Situation in Pakistan: According to Economic Survey of 2010-11, population of Pakistan is 177. 1 million. Total labor force is about 54. 92 million out of which 51. 87 million is employed and remaining 3. 05 million is unemployed. Rate of male unemployment is 5. 6 % and female unemployment is Causes of Unemployment Every year many new graduates are added into the labor force but few of them get very good jobs; some others get a reasonable one but many keep on looking for jobs for a long time. There can be a number of reasons for young men to be unemployed. A lack of realistic approach is one of the reasons of being unemployed. Youth have their dreams and some are ambitious too. Their ambitious nature leads them to dream about very unrealistic goals in life. Degree holder youth usually aspire for a white collar job in a big company such as in a multinational. Their objective is to get a high salary. But when they don’t get such a job they keep on waiting for one and hence not only waste their time but also the opportunities to get some other low salary jobs. Illiteracy Literacy Illiteracy and literacy both are the causes of unemployment in Pakistan. Due to illiteracy people are not able to work and they remain unemployed. On the other hand number of educated is increasing annually but government is unable to create employment opportunities e. g. , students of B. Com. are increasing at very fast speed but they cannot find jobs and admissions for higher education. Rate of illiteracy in Pakistan is 42. 3 %. As in the backward areas of country, the education facilities are not available. Only 2. 7% of total GDP of the country is spent on Education. Even though there are more than 8000 ghost schools in Sindh province, which are not working but are under the control of local landlords. Government schools are unable to provide quality education due to imperfect syllabus, improper education policies, and inefficient teachers. That’s why the students are unable to build their strong base through education. Seasonal Variation There is seasonal unemployment in Pakistan. Seasonal unemployment exists especially in industrial sectors. For example, sugar industries and ice factories create seasonal unemployment. People only work for certain part of the year and mostly remain unemployed for remaining part of the year. Unskilled labor Most of the businessmen in Pakistan are illiterate, ill-trained and unskilled. They think that if they employ more persons they will have to pay more and their profit will decline. These unskilled businessmen cause nepotism and favoritism. It means selection according to relation not according to ability. Here deserving candidates do not get jobs and remain unemployed or under employed. High Population Growth Rate The population of Pakistan is increasing at a rate of 2. 1 %. Due to this high rate about two million people enter into the labor market each year. Such huge labor force cannot be provided jobs due to backward economic condition. People are so poor and illiterate that they cannot differentiate between wright and wrong. Money is there problem. They cannot think of sending their children to school at proper age. People have no regrets on having more children. People are not motivated and are deprived of basic necessities so they cannot think beyond that. High Age of Retirement The higher age of retirement in government sector has closed the employment opportunities for the young, literate and trained person. In Pakistan retirement age is 60 years. Lack of Technical and Professional Education Like the absence of other educational services, there are very few and inefficient institutes for professional training in the country, especially in the rural areas. It is the fact that most of the youth are not properly guided and motivated to choose their proper future career. The students choose the career which does not befit their personality and nature. Thus leading to failure in professional life and they cannot find suitable jobs and if they find one, they cannot deal with the challenges of the job. Technical, professional and vocational institutions are limited in number.

Strong Versus Weak Characters in Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness :: Conrad Heart Darkness

Strong Versus Weak Characters in Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness One of the central tragedies of Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness is the insanity of Mr. Kurtz. How could a man who seemed so good, so stable, suddenly become so mentally lacking? Through the deterioration of Kurtz’s personality and Marlow’s response to his breakdown, Conrad explores the elements of strong versus weak characters. Conrad introduces Kurtz as the archetypal European. French mother, English father, educated all over the continent- he’s strikingly average. By making him so normal Kurtz can serve as a model for all mankind- if it happened to this guy, who’s to say it couldn’t happen to anyone? At first Kurtz runs the inner station with common sense and justice (or what was considered justice during colonization), but before too long his character begins to spiral inward. Because of his over bearing personality, the Africans begin to look to Kurtz as a sort of god, and he begins to work with the idea. Had this occurred in society, he would have been checked: â€Å"Kurtz, stop being so silly.† But! In the jungle no one is there to keep him within societal boundaries- and the immense power he has begins to take hold of him. Kurtz is folding further and further into himself. The perfect example of this is the pamphlet Kurtz wrote. It seems that, though his actions say differently, when he is in the act of writing- something he learned in the civilized world- he can still function. He can still perform the, what is considered a solely human, trait of consciously thinking about and considering his own actions. Even when he talks about the pamphlet- he knows he wrote something and that it was good and important. Finally however, he writes at the bottom, â€Å"exterminate the brutes,† and the old Kurtz is gone. The once normal Kurtz has become a megalomaniac. Consider the shrunken heads put up around his house. It is feasible to think that perhaps a savage would do something like that as a warning to anyone who might stop by. Even in the horror- there is logic to it. But- Kurtz has them facing toward his house. This has no reasonable explanation, except that Kurtz has lost his mind. Conrad describes the scene almost as though Kurtz has them set up out there to look at, to talk to from time to time. His unchecked power of the natives takes away his human ability to reason and leaves an empty Kurtz-shaped hull.

Blacks and Latinos in America Essay -- American History Culture Ethnic

Blacks and Latinos in America   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Through our readings of the Mexicans in the U.S. and the African-American experience modules, we begin to understand the formation of identity through the hardships minorities faced from discrimination. In this paper, I am going to compare and contrast the ideas of identity shown through the readings. These two modules exemplify the theme of identity. We see how Blacks and Latinos tried to find their identity both personally and as a culture through the forced lifestyles they had to live.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Identity is one of the main questions throughout all of our readings, because it is hard for people to accept who they are in society. Accepting their identity as a minority with little if any freedoms sparks many of the social problems which I will show happening in all communities and cultures. The main issue we will discuss is how social environments effect the search for identity. The Mexicans in the U.S. module gives us examples how Mexicans try to keep their customs while living in a discriminated environment by the Whites. This module also gives us examples how people are searching for personal identity while struggling with cultural traditions. Finally, the African-American module gives us more examples to compare with the Mexicans in the U.S. module, because these readings deal with Blacks finding personal identity also through discrimination from the Whites. To properly understand the theme of identity, we must first look the factors influencing it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first influence we see in both modules is discrimination. The Whites as a whole did not give any acceptance towards both cultures. There were several barriers keeping the Blacks and Mexicans from breaking the lines between them and the Whites. First, the Whites saw both groups of people as minorities. They felt both subcultures were unequal from the beginning, therefore holding discriminating beliefs about the cultures from which both groups came from. Also, the Whites were very angry with these groups, who were trying to share the same freedoms.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Next, both the Blacks and Mexicans lived through their cultures and traditions from ancestors. It was very hard for either group to compete with the Whites' economy and lifestyles while keeping their beliefs strong. Now that we have an understanding of the influences on both groups' identity struggles, we w... ...d upon them as the Mexicans.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In The Autobiography of Malcolm X, Malcolm is told by his 8th grade teacher to think realistically about career goals. He is told to drop his ideas of becoming a lawyer, and look into the field of carpentry, which was a stereotypical Black job. Blacks were being discriminated against in all aspects of their lives. Even as maturing students, they were told what to do with their lives, simply because Whites did not believe Blacks should hold the same freedoms. In the movie, Eye on the Prize, we see how Blacks tried to keep their cultural values while living in the "White mans world." Like the Mexicans, Blacks had a societal identity, yet they faced many hardships in trying to find their personal identity.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As we have seen, the role of identity is a key issue in our history. The discrimination and stereotypes pressed upon the Blacks and Mexicans changed their ideas of personal and social identity. The factors that influence identity also made the understanding of this idea hard for both groups. The role that identity played in both groups was a key concept for them to understand in creating their new individuality in the "White America."

Use Industrial Economic Theory to Assess the Extent

Vertical integration is the process of combining firms, usually under a single ownership, that are different parts of a larger production scale. This could be anything from two firms to all of the firms that make up the supply chain. Due to combining multiple smaller firms, this form of integration has an effect on the market power that the firm(s) has (Riordan, 2008). This differs to horizontal integration which is the combination of firms or expansion of a single firm at one particular point of the production process (Black, Hashimzade, & Myles, 2009, p. 206-7).Vertical integration is usually carried out in one of two ways. Upstream, which can be referred to as backwards, and downstream, or forward, and the definition is linked to the ownership or controlling party. Upstream is to your suppliers and downstream is to your buyers (Enz, 2009, p. 214). Although vertical integration is usually upstream or downstream it can also be balanced which is where ownership or control is shared b etween the firms in the supply chain. There are multiple benefits associated with vertical integration but some of the benefits may differ between upstream and downstream.Some benefits that may arise are improved coordination between firms throughout the supply chain, cost savings through internalized transactions and an increased market share (Fairburn, & Kay, 1989, p. 10). There are many examples of both upstream and downstream integration in industry throughout history. In the 1970’s and 80’s many crude petroleum extracting companies acquired downstream firms such as refineries and distribution networks (â€Å"Idea: Vertical Integration†, 2009).This is mirrored today with many oil companies such as Shell and BP owning all parts of the supply chain from extraction to the petrol stations supplying the consumers. Smithfield Industries are a meat producing firm that has benefitted from upstream vertical integration. They have integrated with a variety of farms, s laughterhouses as well as other firms that make up the entire supply chain. They now have ownership or decision making power, such as changes to production levels to match changes in demand for the final products, in all the firms that supply them.As a result they now have 26% of the meat and poultry market (Pepall, Richards, & Norman, 2008, p. 449) as well as receiving other benefits such as maintaining a sustainable supply for larger numbers, having control over product quality (such as the leanness of the meat) and they have designed warehouses and barns for their subsidiaries to improve their operational efficiency. Most of these benefits are predominantly in favour of the retailer Smithfield as much of these benefits are associated with lowering costs across the supply chain which lowers their final input costs.These benifits, that are associated with lowering input costs, all indicate that Smithfeild do not suffer from double marginisation as a result of thier vertical integra tion. Double marginalisation is when all the integrated firms set a price above the marginal cost (MC) which then creates two sets of surpluses that are incurred, also reducing consumer surplus to make all parties worse off. Pepall, Richards & Newman state that this is not possible if there is competition either upstream or downstream in the chain (2008, p. 438).This is because competition can cause the wholesale price of inputs to be at the MC to either keep the upstream firm competing or the downstream firms final price competitive. Competition upstream that causes production at the MC can help the downstream firm, in this case Smithfield, achieve abnormal profits if they have monopoly power and the ability to descriminate thier prices. Although most of the benefits are for Smithfield, the subsidiaries will benefit from having more efficient processes and economies of scale that may be gained from the integration due to investment received from the parent firm.The profitability of the integration is linked to the level economies of scale obtained from it as the ability to coordinate the adoption of new technologies associated with lower marginal costs for the subsidiaries will define how much profit can be made (Avenel, 2008, p. 248). As well as this they will benefit from having a reliable retailer that will have a consistent demand for their products. Although they will have a consistent buyer for their products the subsidiaries will have to receive a lower unit price for their products as a result of bringing down their costs after the integration.This is not a negative as the demand for their product is consistent and the fall in market price will be proportional to the fall in costs. As well as Smithfield, other meat and poultry production firms have benefitted from having highly integrated production chains such as Tyson, ConAgra and Swift (Pepall, Richards, & Norman, 2008, p. 449). The integration of these firms is consistent with Lieberman’s v iews (1991, p. 452) of why upstream integration may take place. The main reason which is applicable to this situation is that if the inputs in question account for a arge proportion of total cost (which animals being bred for meat will do) then the downstream firm is more likely to integrate. Although all these firms are highly integrated and could offer much lower prices than they already do to the consumers they choose not to. Having a higher mark up allows them to receive higher profit margins from the lower input costs while keeping similar market prices for their final output. This is a form of non-price competition in order to receive higher profits and an example of Nash equilibrium.Nash equilibrium is where a set of price levels or production levels for each firm will not be changed based on the decision of the other competing firms (Pepall, Richards, & Norman, p. 197), meaning that if one lowers their price the rest of the competitors will retaliate and all start undercutti ng theirs but could end up resulting in loss of profits based on how much the prices change. Nash equilibrium is common in large oligopolistic markets which are also the most common for vertical integration to take place in.This is an example of how the benefits of this integration will not be asymmetric as the final retailer can increase its profits relatively by a much larger amount than the subsidiaries they are purchasing their inputs from. All the benefits previously mentioned which are mainly associated with lower costs and prices also cause another benefit by causing barriers to entry. These are things that make it difficult to enter the market (Black, Hashimzade, & Myles, 2009, p. 29).In this case the low costs due to higher efficiency will make competition for a new entrant difficult and will in turn detour others from attempting to enter the market which will keep the level of competition for the existing firm lower, especially in the case of the meat and poultry market wh ere many of the largest firms are highly integrated. Partnerships are a form of integration that does not include control or ownership but can still provide many benefits, usually cost orientated, that may be associated with conventional integration.Partnerships often occur when both firms involved are large and it would not be cost-effective to attempt to buy them. McDonalds are a company that as well as being highly integrated they also have many partnerships with companies such as Coca-Cola, Heinze and Microsoft. In the case of the Microsoft partnership some of the benefits are streamlining operations and reducing the total cost of operations (â€Å"Microsoft Partners with McDonald’s for Global Point-of-Sale Solution†, 2005).As well as this Microsoft will also benefit by improving thier brand awareness, specifically for thier Microsoft Smarter Hospitality system. In conclusion all parties will benefit from vertical integration. But the benefits are not asymmetric. I n an upstream integration the majority of the benefits are gained by the retailer that sells the final product. This is because they can increase their market share as a result of the integration as well as their costs can be greatly reduced while keeping their price relatively similar and hence creating more profits.The subsidiary firms may still end up with higher profit margins but the proportional increase is unlikely to match that of their owner firm. Another reason that the benefits are not asymmetric and are greater for the retailer is that they gain control over the subsidiary and the subsidiary has to relinquish some or all control to the owners. This allows the retailer to dictate what is produced in preparation for possible changes in demand or product portfolio which could lead to the supplier being left with excess stock.The benefits from barriers to entry will not be asymetric. In many cases, including the poultry market, the upstream markets are more monoploistic and more competitive as opposed to a more oligoposlistic structure downstream (associated with higher barriers to entry) which is shown by the fact that a single downstream firm will own multiple upstream suppliers. Also the fact that the downstream firms will get more cost/price benefits show that the added difficulty for new firms to compete will be harder. Bibliography Answers. (2011).Vertical Integration. Retrieved November 15 from http://www. answers. com/topic/vertical-integration Avenel, E. (2008). Strategic Vertical Integration without Foreclosure [Electronic Version]. The Journal of Industrial Economics,56(2), 247-262 Black, J. , Hashimzade, N. , & Myles, G. (2009). Oxford Dictionary of Economics (3rd ed. ). Oxford: Oxford University Press Enz, C. A. (2009). Hospitality Strategic Management: Concepts and Cases (2nd ed. ). New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons Inc. Fairburn, J. A. , & Kay, J. A. (1989). Introduction. In J.A. Fairburn, & J. A. Kay (Eds. ), Mergers & Merger Policy (pp. 1- 29). New York: Oxford University Press Idea: Vertical Integration. (2009, March 30). The Economist. Retrieved November 12, 2011, from http://www. economist. com/node/13396061 Leiberman, M. B. (1991). Determinants of Vertical Integration: An Emperical Test* [Electronic Version]. The Journal of Industrial Economics, 39(5), 451-466. Microsoft Partners with McDonald’s for Global Point-of-Sale Solution. (2005). Microsoft News Centre. Retrieved November 24, 2011 from http://www. icrosoft. com/presspass/press/2005/dec05/12-07McDonaldsPOSPR. mspx Pepall, L. , Richards, D. , & Norman, G. (2008). Industrial Economics: Contemporary Theory and Emperical Applications (4th ed. ). Padstow: Blackwell Publishing Riordan, M. H. (2008). Vertical integration. In S. N. Durlauf, & L. E. Blume (Eds. ), The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics (2nd ed. ). Palgrave Macmillian. The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics Online. Retrieved November 12, 2011, from http://www. dictionaryofeconomics. com/art icle? id=pde2008_V000029

Visiting a Court essays

Visiting a Court essays Recently, I had the opportunity to attend a court case in Fulton County. The case I attended was in juvenile court. The reason I attended a juvenile case is that I witnessed a juvenile commit a crime. The crime itself was quite small, but what happened during the case shows us why to tell the truth when appearing in court. The court I attended was juvenile court in Fulton County. The presiding Judge was Charles Hodges. The juvenile had legal representation. The attorneys name was Julia Desmond. I am not sure who actually represented the state in this matter. There were several different people who spoke on behalf of the state or county. The charges were read, the witnesses testified and then the juvenile was given a chance to refute the allegations. The juvenile was not cross-examined heavily. Only a few questions were asked of her until she denied all involvement in the matter. At the beginning of the case, which took only about an hour, the case was announced and the charges were read. Someone from the State or County explained the incident and the first witness was called. The judge seemed to be reading a lot and he took a lot of notes. He didnt make much eye contact with anyone. He seemed to be in his own little judicial world for a while. The juveniles attorney tried to ask the witnesses questions for clarification purposes. She only seemed to be upsetting the judge due to his body language and sighing. For each witness, the attorney tried to make each witness state that he or she did not have a direct line of sight to the incident. The only real charge that stemmed from the incident was failure to signal. The juvenile was charged with failure to yield when she, on a bicycle, failed to signal for a turn and the swerved into oncoming traffic and was subsequently hit, by a car. The juvenile was committed to saying that she signaled, even thoug h six witnesses reported otherwise. ...

All My Sons1 essays

All My Sons1 essays In the movie there were difference then in the book. In this book and movie All My Sons there are certain statements one was If you want to know ask Joe another is there is a universe outside your responsible. Both these statements are important in the book and movie. The black and white movie made it seem setting was in the 1940s. There are alot of similarities and difference between the book and the movie All My Sons. One difference was in the movie there was no mention of the tree falling like there was in the book. Another difference between the book and the movie was that in the book Larry disappeared November 25. In the movie Larry disappeared February 9. In the book Chris never went to see Anne s father in jail, but in the movie he did. Another difference was that people never played cards with Joe in the book but in the movie they did. At the end of the movie Anne and Chris go away with each other but in the book that never happened. The effect of the movie in black and white really was a symbol. It gave the sense that it is in the 1940s. It gave it sense that it was a different time and people acted differently. A black and white movie makes the Scene look sad. It also gives a point of some kind if the movie is black and white. In the movie they said If you want to know ask Joe. The meaning is that Joe really knows everything that is going on. He cut some corners like with the cylinders and the refrigerator door in the movie. Joe said to Steve that he would take full responsibility for the action of sending the cylinders out on the phone. Joe did not take full responsibility for the cylinders. People will not do anything without Joes taking responsibility because they know what happen with Steve. In the movie and book there also was the statement there is a universe outside your responsible, Chris said that. This statement means that you ar...

4 ways to manage your emotions as a nurse

4 ways to manage your emotions as a nurse Nurses face many professional challenges. Their jobs are both physically and mentally draining, and on top of working in extremely stressful, pressure-filled environments they have to deal with a seemingly never-ending array of competing priorities and demands on their time, a ton of diverse patient and colleague personalities, and often-grueling work schedules. With all of these intense challenges, is it any wonder that nurses sometimes find themselves struggling to manage their emotions in an effective and healthy way? If you’re a nurse who sometimes finds that the intense demands of the job make it difficult to manage your emotions effectively, you’re not alone. According to a survey conducted by the American Nurses Association, â€Å"Nurses face many hazards on the job†¦ Fatigue from overwork and stressful conditions strains RNs’ health.† Approximately 74% of nurse respondents reported that the effects of stress and overwork are among their primar y work concerns, which often leads to physical and emotional fatigue and burnout.Although some nurses can effectively channel their stress and perform their jobs at consistently high levels in nearly any situation, the reality is that others struggle with this on a daily basis- and many suffer- with the end result being an inability to manage their emotions.However- this doesn’t have to be the case!There are effective strategies for nurses to manage their emotions and maintain a grounded and healthy emotional state- both on the job and off. Nurse.org recently published an article highlighting key tips for nurses to stay emotionally healthy. Take advantage of the following tips to help you stay emotionally grounded and stable as you go about doing your job to the best of your ability.Find a supportive colleague.This bit of advice is valuable in all professions, but it’s especially important for nurses to find a friend on the job who they can turn to and trust when thing s get intense. Nurses, don’t discount the value of venting your feelings when you’re feeling frustrated or overwhelmed- it can be a great tool for getting a handle on your emotions on particularly stressful days.Find a safe space.Just as important as having a trusted colleague to turn to when you’re feeling emotionally overwhelmed is having a safe space to get away from the chaos for a few moments and let yourself deal with your emotions. It’s normal to feel all sorts of conflicting emotions- both good and bad- when working in the sort of high-stress environments that nurses typically find themselves- the key is to have a comfortable place where you can take a little time to breathe, relax, and collect yourself, and move on with your work day in a healthy and productive way.Know yourself.All nurses are unique individuals, with different likes, dislikes, motivators, and passions- as well as things that relax and ground them. Find the little things in life that relax you, whether it’s deep breathing, soft music, exercise, essential oils, meditation, yoga, or something completely different and unexpected, and be sure to incorporate them into your life in times of emotional volatility or stress to help keep things under control. Schedule it on your calendar if you have to- these individual self-care acts are important to your day, so force yourself to make the time for them. When that calendar alert goes off, it’s time to focus on your well-being.Talk to a professional.Although there are a wide variety of things you can try on your own in an effort to better manage your emotions as a nurse, the truth is that sometimes it isn’t enough- and a little extra help is needed. The Nurse.org article sums it up effectively: â€Å"Nursing can be intense. We have people’s lives in our hands every day. That is why being able to talk to someone about your emotions and get professional feedback is extremely beneficial†¦ Finding a provider is relatively easy. There are websites (www.psychologytoday.com) you can search by provider and then filter by specialty and insurance or you can go through your insurance’s website to get connected. This can help ensure you find the professional that’s right for you.†Being a nurse can be a stressful and challenging career- but that doesn’t mean it needs to derail your emotional stability. Use the strategies here to take control and manage your emotions effectively.

Strategic Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 4

Strategic Management - Assignment Example n and put into adherence through proper and strategically managing of both resources available to the company, that which that the company already possess and taking advantage of it marketing strategy to achieve its goals and those of its shareholders. This paper focuses on strategic management of an organization, its aim and concepts, principles, key factors affecting it such as external, internal and industrial environments. It also describes strategic formulation. Strategic management is the art of making decisions for an organization or company, taking into consideration the competitive market in which the organization finds itself and other factors affecting it in regards to achieving the organizations goals and objectives with the best interest in creating a profitable environment for both the company and its shareholders (Dess, 2005). Strategic management is all about analyses, making choices and seeing that those choices are implemented. Strategies are meant to give the organization or company a focus, direction in which to channel its efforts as per the environment it finds itself in and define major characteristics of the company’s goals. After this analysis, the management group needs to make appropriate decisions, on how to find their place in the market by making great and applicable marketing strategies as to help them gain and a substantial amount of clients, while attracting more for their goods and services in this market regardless of the external competition they face making sure that their ideas of marketing or goods production are not able to be copied by other competitive partners in the market. This means that the company ought to try do everything differently from their competitors in terms of decision making especially due to the constant market competition that they face as this will help them sustain themselves in the market for long as their ideas cannot be copied (Irene M. Duhaime, 2012). After a choice of decisions has been made,

Charity, Philanthropy, and Civility in American History Essay

Charity, Philanthropy, and Civility in American History - Essay Example The services of the Library foundation have been active since 1872. The library is not active for respective purpose but also working in a join with other 72 libraries in Los Angeles. The Library Foundation is also involved in undertaking advocacy services as well. This shows that Library Store is involved in supporting masses within the community. Unlike other fundraising events, this was less advertised among the mainstream celebrities. It is obvious from the charity events that it could not become successful in terms of raising funds for the cause until celebrity endorsement is undertaken. But Library Store’s Cancer Fund Raiser had common people as visitors more than celebrities. This charity event was created for the first time in the Library Store with its own affiliation of organizers. The goal of this charity was backed up by its vision of supporting other libraries in Los Angeles to maintain their services to the educational institutions for spreading literacy in Los Angeles. Considering this vision, the event was a success and organized relevant activities. The intriguing fact about the fundraising was the inclusion of different standing-comedians who participated to make the event a success. These standing-comedians had successfully taken place of celebrities coming to the event. According to the organizer of f undraising, the basic goal of the fundraiser was to assess the contribution of common people in Los Angles who are more than willing to contribute to the society. It will not be incorrect to state that this fundraising was far different than other charity events. It was because of low-light charity. The Library Store is an attraction for a majority of people living Los Angeles which automatically spread awareness regarding the fundraiser.

Genetically modified organisms safe or unsafe Research Paper

Genetically modified organisms safe or unsafe - Research Paper Example In this regard, these practices seek to ensure that there was continuous supply of food and other important products to the world’s population, which improved food security. With advancements in technology becoming the order of the day, it is prudent to note that scientists are using technology to improve on food security and ensure the availability of other important products that satisfied human wants. However, some of the approaches that humanity is using technology to produce food and other products have become controversial with some issues dividing the world along two opposing sides with these sides making strong arguments for their case. In the contemporary world, scientists are increasingly advocating for the use of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) to increase on the production of food and other important products that satisfy human wants. Despite the role played by genetically modified organisms in producing food and products that enhanced food security, there is evidence that GMOs are unsafe, and their use comes with disastrous effects on both animal and human life. A number of controversies surround the production of GMOs, including the ethical nature regarding their production. However, the most controversial issue regards the safety of GMOs with their effects on human life remaining the most dividing issue. In line with this, evidence available through various researchers suggest that GMOs, and especially genetically modified foods, are unsafe for human consumption. First, research carried out by scientists on rats that fed on GMO food indicates that rats became sick after feeding on GMOs. In this case, a study conducted by Seralini observed that rats fed on GMO products developed brains tumors quickly than rats that were in the control group of the study (qtd. in Committee for Research & Independent Information on Genetic Engineering). In effect, this indicates that GMOs were unsafe, and their use by human beings put them at a risk of health related complications. On the other hand, evidence suggests that GMOs production involved the addition of chemicals that produced pathogens that were on the same level as viruses. According to a research study conducted by Huber, the virus produced by GMOs contributed to infertility issues on human and animals that feed on the GMOs as well as other health related complications (qtd. in Krudtaa, â€Å"Dr. Huber†). Based on the two safety issues provided above, the use of GMO products poses major risks that affected human life. Nonetheless, the study by Seralini provides the best solution to the question regarding the safety in the use of GMO products by human beings since the study involved the use of rats while the study by Huber linked the production of GMO products with pathogens that contributed to infertility without conducting any research. In line with this, Seralini relied on rats in a study that was thorough and longer than any other previous research conducted by scientists and fed rats with genetically modified maize since the study followed 200 rats for two years (Pollack). In support of this study, another research study conducted by Gallagher indicated that rats that fed on an eggplant produced through GMO technology â€Å"experienced organ and system damage† (qtd. in Krudtaa, â€Å"GMO Eggplant†). Furthermore, these eggplants affected the reproduction organs of rats with ovaries reducing their normal weight by half while the spleen enlarged and the white blood cells

The Governance of GAAP Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

The Governance of GAAP - Essay Example tandards Board (FASB) is an organization behind GAAP, which was established to come up with the accounting guidelines for private sector companies to help them establish and improve the accounting methods used in preparing financial reports. These financial statements are then used by to offer information that is valuable in making decisions for investors and other users of the reports. The Security and Exchange Commission (SEC) has the role of ensuring that the stock exchange market operates in a fair manner for all investors by ensuring that there is no insider trading and it is an independent body used to enforce laws of the government. It ensures that trading is fair to all investors by ensuring that they are all provided with the correct information and that no one gets an unfair benefit in terms of knowledge of how stocks will operate (Office of Financial Management, 2012). The funding of developing and Enforcing GAAP comes from the federal government as it has the responsibility of ensuring that there is order in the field of accounting, and this is done by providing guidelines for preparation of companies’ financial

International Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

International Business - Essay Example Due to the widespread interconnectivity provided to the masses by the high speed internet services, the various geographical boundaries and barriers are becoming increasingly less important. As such, the world is turning into what can only be described as a type of global village where nations highly interconnected with one another and their strategies and plans have the power to impact millions of lives on the face of the earth (Desai 2012, p.115). Likewise, the economic, political, social and technological factors of a particular nation can prove to be beneficial as well as competitive to many other nations, who are developing and emerging at varying paces or have established themselves in a more secured manner over the time as compared to others. As such, this brief will consider the emergent case of the economy of India. India is comprised of one of the most attractive markets that fall in the category of the fastest emerging markets around the world. With a GDP of over $1.8 tril lion, the Indian market looks extremely attractive for investments by foreign institutional investors (Mukherjee 2009, p. 59). Apart from that, because of the highly diversified population mix and increasing per capita income, India has emerged as a unique market for consumables for multinationals around the globe. This provides corporations with opportunities to acquire growth and generate revenue from such a high opportunity market. However, for a better understanding of the â€Å"India advantage†, as some commentators have called it, in terms of emerging market, a PEST analysis is required. Political The political parties of India have to help and to shape the development of the various factors that contributed to the process of economic development within India as an important emerging market in the global forum. The most important contribution that has been made by the political parties in the development of the Indian nation is the process of opening up of the Indian ec onomy in the early 1990’s. The opening up of the Indian economies contributed to the a greatly in flow of foreign funds. These foreign funds and investment naturally contributed to the overall growth and development of the nation over the past two decades. Likewise, the various political powers played a large role within the process of formation of various favorable trade policies and agreements that

The Governance of GAAP Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

The Governance of GAAP - Essay Example tandards Board (FASB) is an organization behind GAAP, which was established to come up with the accounting guidelines for private sector companies to help them establish and improve the accounting methods used in preparing financial reports. These financial statements are then used by to offer information that is valuable in making decisions for investors and other users of the reports. The Security and Exchange Commission (SEC) has the role of ensuring that the stock exchange market operates in a fair manner for all investors by ensuring that there is no insider trading and it is an independent body used to enforce laws of the government. It ensures that trading is fair to all investors by ensuring that they are all provided with the correct information and that no one gets an unfair benefit in terms of knowledge of how stocks will operate (Office of Financial Management, 2012). The funding of developing and Enforcing GAAP comes from the federal government as it has the responsibility of ensuring that there is order in the field of accounting, and this is done by providing guidelines for preparation of companies’ financial

Adobe Frames Interface Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Adobe Frames Interface - Essay Example Executable files that can be played from a compact disc can also be created using Flash without the need for any additional software.Flash has the capability of capturing user input through the keyboard, mouse, camera or even the microphone.In order to use flash, one does not need to know any programming language even though flash itself contains a scripting language called ActionScript which is object-oriented and offers support for automation through JFL (JavaScript Flash Language). Overview of Action script ActionScript is an object-oriented scripting language which looks much more like JavaScript that is used by Flash to control objects within its movies. It’s based on ECMA-262 specification just like JavaScript. ActionScript enables interactive design in Flash by allowing execution of different actions within a movie (Waldron, 2006). It was initially referred to just as ‘actions’ and was introduced in Flash Player 4. It enabled simple interactivity in Flash a nd it was not as such a complicated language since its semantics and syntax was not anywhere close to ECMAScript. ECMAScript-based syntax was although later applied and thus ActionScript 1.0 was born and introduced in Flash Player 5. ActionScript evolved and its semantics tweaked with the release of Flash Player 6 and 7. In 2003, ActionScript 2.0 was introduced in Flex 1.0 and Flash MX 2004 but it could still work in Flash Player 6 and 7 since it was using an object model similar to that of ActionScript 1.0 (Waldron, 2006). In Flash Player 9, ActionScript 3.0 was introduced as result of a new ActionScript Virtual Machine (AVM2) which is now the main virtual machine for execution of ActionScript code although support for AVM1 is still provided in order to accommodate earlier versions of ActionScript. ActionScript 2.0 and ActionScript 3.0 ActionScript 2.0 was introduced in Flash MX 2004. Although it still utilized the same object model as ActionScript 1.0, it is well equipped for comp lex and larger applications. It adds some few new runtime capability and functionality by improving object-oriented programming in Flash through the introduction of syntax and semantics that is object-oriented. ActionScript 1.0 lacked an official vocabulary for the creation of objects and classes even though it was considered to be object-oriented. In ActionScript 1.0, prototypical objects were used as classes since there was no provision of class keyword for class creation and extend keyword for establishing inheritance which ActionScript 2.0 now provides thus making the language more familiar to those programmers with OOP backgrounds. ActionScript 2.0 has also made it possible for the creation of Java-like interfaces via the use of the interface statement. ActionScript 1.0 did not offer support for user interfaces. In ActionScript 1.0, the file extension for class files was .as which could be defined in in-line code or external files. ActionScript 2.0 now introduces a .class exten sion for class files and requires them to be defined in external class files. This enables editing class files in Flash MX professional 2004 editor or in any other external editor.

Description of Composition Essay Example for Free

Description of Composition Essay I have many wonderful moment in my life, in my home country with my family and my friends. we lived in a beautiful areaand Were pleased with our neighbors. during Have the holidays left all the campaign. However, I remember a good experience that i still can not forget. During this spring break I made a visit to my cousin Matthew who live in Dallas, tough spending years without seeing I was very pleased to be able to spend this time with him. Dallas is a great city and wonderful buildings are very large in the city center. During my stay Mathieu showed me around the zoo of the city of dallas a place where we encounter several species of animals that are found throughout the world, among other gorillas, snakes, parrots. That day was the first time in my life I saw a gorilla who was nearly two meters long, this animal was really impressive both for its size and its weight. At the end of the visit to the zoo I wanted to eat some things. We went to Matthew and me in a fancy restaurant in the city. This restaurant is located near the city center in a large building with a beautiful cadre. ur map for this restaurant we could see dishes from different origins Africa, Europe and America. We took each European dishes and we talked about our childhood. When we finished eating we took several photographs in the restaurant throughout the city of Dallas to keep in memory of this moment of reunion between my cousin and me. I really enjoyed the spring break this year because i had a lot of fun. i there fore look foward to the summer break and i hope i twill be even more beautiful than i will to live.

Developing Strategic Management and Leadership Skills

Developing Strategic Management and Leadership Skills TASK 1.1 Apart from its other management strategies, Virgin Atlantic has used Porters basic strategies to dwelling itself in the marketplace.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Accordingly, a corporation positions itself by consuming its strengths.  Today, more and more people and collections are struggling to be known in the business arena.   With this objective, these supervisions had been able to adeptly and effectively adjust to the situation in the market place by using general strategies that enhanced their enthusiasm.   There are five different common strategies that a company can choose.   These include leadership, diversity, focused management and integrated cost leadership/differentiation.   Each standard strategy helps the company to establish and exploit a modest advantage within a particular competitive scope. By applying these assets, three generic strategies are resulted: leadership, strategic differentiation and focus (Johnson..Scholes.1997).   One of the strategies operated by Virgin Atlantic is its ability to professionally promote its brand names all over the marketplace. This strategic promotion has made the airline companies to continuously be known locally and internationally when it comes to travel fulfilment and convenience. Alternative strategy that can be recognised to Virgin Atlantic as a whole is its skill to value their customers.   Here, the company has been able to shadow other airline industry to cut their service cost while providing outstanding service to their target marketplace. Lastly, the ability to strategically line up modern technology and it business strategy is the most important strategy that can be involved to Virgin Atlantic. In contrast, the Virgin Atlantic has considered their neighbour airlines as its competitors. Due to the deregulation of the European Airline, many airlines have been talented to cope with the changes and make a tactical move of entering in this travel business. One of the industries that open its marketplace to the airline industry is the Virgin Atlantic. Virgin Atlantic is regarded as one of the UKs largest planned airline. It is known for being such because of the strategies executed by the management of the airline industry (Hitt, Ireland Hoskisson 2003). TASK 1.2 A companys strategy helps as the game plan management and is use to rod out a market position, manner its operations, attract and please consumers, compete successfully, and achieve structural objectives.   Thus, Total Quality Management (TQM) as a strategy is certainly appropriate for such situation.        Ãƒâ€šÃ‚     Ãƒâ€šÃ‚     Ãƒâ€šÃ‚     Total Quality Management is a viewpoint of management that is driven by the constant achievement of customer satisfaction though the nonstop improvement of all organizational procedures (Robbins, 1998).   It is a management viewpoint that seeks to integrate all organizational purposes such as finance, design, marketing, engineering, customer service production, customer service, and others to focus on achiving customer needs and organizational objectives (Hashmi.2000). It is known that every organizations main purpose is to stay in business, so that it can promote the steadiness of the community, generate products and facilities that are useful to customers, and provide condition for the satisfaction and growth of organization associates.   From this perception, it can be said that TQM strategy for accomplishing its normative outcomes is embedded in different management and leadership styles.      Total Quality Management is a strategic procedure  for satisfying internal and external customers and dealers by integrating the business surroundings, continuous improvement, and come through with growth, progress, and safeguarding the cycles while changing organisational philosophy. Furthermore,  TQM is an array of management scheme throughout the organisation, geared to ensure that the organisation to continuously attain or exceed customer requirements. TQM places strong focus on process measurement and controls as means of continuous improvement (McNamara.1999).  Furthermore, Total Quality Management is extremely variable and adaptable. Although originally applied to manufacturing operations, and over the years only utilized in that area, TQM is now being recognised as a standard management appliance, just as applicable in service and public sector groups like the Virgin Atlantic airline industrie (Hashmi, -2004). The Total Quality Management (TQM) philosophy of management is customer-oriented. Hence, the Virgin Atlantic operations must be developed in order to gradually deal with the improvement of their operation through the on-going contribution of all employees in problem solving determinations across functional and hierarchical borders. TQM incorporates the concepts of service class, process management, quality declaration, and quality perfection. Therefore, they must be able to control all alteration processes with regards to their operations and services to better satisfy customer requirements in the most economical way. In applying total quality management to this particular airline procedure, they must be able to chain it with the core strategy of the industries. This does not mean that such airline companies must have entire variations. It is important that in application of the Total Quality Management to the Virgin Atlantic operations and services they must also consider that an suitable strategy should be used in order to employ a total quality operations and facilities that would satisfy all clients and customers. TASK 1.3 CHALLENGE 1 Cost Reduction Strategy To achieve its goal of having a reasonable position in the airline market, Virgin Atlantic uses a cost reduction strategy. Such cost reduction strategy trusts on five main aspects like contracting out services, fleet commonality, airport charges and route guidelines, managed staff costs and productivity and managed marketing charges. With their purchase of aircraft Boeing 787- 9, Virgin Atlantic has been able to gain capacity and decreases the average age of fleet which means savings on maintenance costs and evading the fit of European Union-conform equipment on old feet. The next factor under the cost reduction strategy of Virgin Atlantic is narrowing out services.   In this manner, aircraft handling, handling, ticketing, and other functions are contracted out by Virgin Atlantic to third parties. In addition, in order to limit their expenses engine and weighty maintenance are also contracted out whereas the staff of Virgin Atlantic carries out routine maintenance.   Another issue for the cost reduction strategy of the company is in terms of airport charges and route policies. Herein, Virgin Atlantic has made sensible choice of dealing with secondary and regional airports, where the traffic is not blocked and fees incomparably lower. Since Virgin Atlantic, is a true bonus for such airports, the airline company has a bargaining power which enables it getting  favourable  access fees. In addition, Virgin Atlantic provides only a point-to-point provision, thus, it has no cost concerning connecting passengers.   Furthermore, the company pays special focus to on-time departures because it means maximising aircraft use. Managing staff budgets and productivity is another factor used for reducing the cost for Virgin Atlantic. In this manner, the company pays its staff on modest salary but has set up a performance related pay structure which impulses employees to maximize the number of sectors flown daily. This way, Virgin Atlantic both controls productivty and keeps staff costs down. CHALLENGE 2 Critical Success Factors      Ãƒâ€šÃ‚     Ãƒâ€šÃ‚     Ãƒâ€šÃ‚     Although the company had encountered different difficulties, precisely in line with its cost structures, the company had been able to survive and grow in the market.   Virgin Atlantic implement different marketing strategy to make the company last in the competition and to be able to gain competitive position in the airline market.   It is said that the company was regarded recently as the most prompt airline between Dublin andLondon. And because of the strategy of the industry, Virgin Atlantic is now known as the second largest airline in United Kingdom having a network of over 57 routes in 11 countries and served by a number of fleet. In order to position itself in the marketplace the company continuously concentrates on driving own its costs to offer the lowest fares possible and remain profitable.   In addition, Virgin Atlantic offer minimum standards of service and very low prices for point-to-point, short haul flights.   The goal of Virgin Atlantic is to meet the needs of  travelling  at the lowest possible price.   The Critical Success Factors (CSFs) are as follows in airline industry: the strategic focus of having the lowest prices, being reliable within the marketplace, comfort and service and frequency.   It is noted that low-cost companies concentrate on this first critical success factor by trying to offer the lowest prices.   Although Virgin Atlantic has eliminated extras such as in-flight meals, advanced seat assignment, free drinks and other services, it still prioritizes features which remain important to its target market. Such features include frequent departures, advance reservations, baggage handling and consistent on-time services. TASK: 2 TASK 2.1 SWOT Analysis First is the Virgin Atlantic Strengths, there is no doubt that influence, values and legacy of Mr Bronson is one of their major strengths. Other advantage is that the business is privately owned which means they can manage the business well without the aid of following the governments restrictions. The business also set the good image and good marketing strategy which reflects in promoting each others business as part of the alliance. Since it is the first company that offers low prices, they also get a chance to lease the aircrafts. Another factor is the strong leadership team of the seniors who are qualified enough in leading the entire organization toward the competency. Second are the Weaknesses behind the Virgin Atlantic. Because of the different business try-outs of MR. Branson, he is also part of his businesss weakness. All of his proposed projects or business strategies affect his other business although it is successful and stable. Another weakness is the low return of cash flow because they offer low prices for the passengers and there is a high expenditure for maintenance of the aircraft and sustaining the quality of their service.     Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Third are the Opportunities for the Virgin Atlantic. There are more cities open for another hospitality service and based on the smooth record of the airline, it is another success for them. Some of the large airline companies had experienced bankruptcy and it is a great opportunity and in addition, the European Union is on their side to support. Threats are the fourth analysis on the airlines. The rapid growth and change in the world economy is a factor of threat because of the New Airline Restrictions. Another is the competition and high prices on the cost of fuels, threats on the terrorism, over flight restrictions, and the new airline companies are the other existing threats. Other Strategy The possible strategies of the airline can be through the expansion of partnerships to broaden the service of the Virgin Alliance and start providing the quality of service in smaller markets. They can also try to invest in U.S. for there is a great possibility to capture the markets. Since the airline id popular because of their service offered, they can answer the needs of the customers in the cities where there is a large group of jetsetters and business class which is another advantage to increase the rate of return of the customers (2000). Although the advertising is effective, the company should make it more intense to stay well in the market competition. This will keep the airline be above the standard of their service. In addition, they can even try other marketing strategies. The existing credit cards can be valued and it is more applicable if the advertisement they will create is in the language the potential customers can understand. TASK 2.2 CLASSIC AIRLINE STRATEGIES Issue and Opportunity Identification Classic Airlines COULD commands a fleet of more 375 jets that serve 240 cities with more than 2300 daily flights. In the 25 years since it inception, Classic Airlines has grown to an organization of 32000 employees, and it earned $10 million on $8.7 billion in sales (Simulation, 2009). Classic in no stranger to the challenges that plague todays airlines. Increased uncertainty about flying has affected industry stock prices across the board, and Classic has seen a 10% decrease in share prices. The airline has been operating under a microscope watch, subject to scrutiny from all sectors. In addition, the raising cost, particularly of fuel and labor has limited Classics ability to compete for the valued frequent flier. To alleviate this problem, Classics Board of Directors recently mandated a 15 percent across-the-board cast reduction (Simulation, 2009). Although Classic has charge the company to implement a cost reduction, they must still find a way to increase its frequent flier program with methods that will demonstrate a measurable return on any investment. Stakeholder Perspectives/Ethical Dilemmas Classic stakeholder perspectives are to increase profitability and market share. It must also strengthen its programs and competitive position, while reducing their costs. The ethical dilemma that Classic Airline is facing is the morality of the company. The union representative has steered Classic relatively clear of major obstacles in an increasingly volatile union climate. However, they are concerned that Classic will be unable to meet its current and future obligations to its employees on their importance to the organization (Simulation-2009). This can become an ethical dilemma since must union work with contracts and not meeting their obligation can cause a legal problem as well. Frame the Right Problem This Airline aspires to remain a competitor in the industry. Their goals are to reduce cost and increase customer satisfaction. Furthermore, the company needs to increase sales and target customers that left to other airlines. Scorecards measurements will give results of marketing strategies in order to see if results are favourable. Describe the End-State Vision Airlines will implement marketing strategies to entice existing customers and new ones by delivering quality service and introducing better Classic Rewards programs. Utilizing more the CRM system will help monitor area that require improvement and deliver products that customer wants. To implement the changes a timeline will be put in place. The first half of the year improvement to the CRM system will take effect. This produce statistics needed to see results when the second half of the year new products, programs, and savings are implemented. TASK 3.1 Identify and Assess Risks Virgin Atlantic identified the need to improve their Classic Rewards program. The step that companies recently take in the new-product process to provide a needed focus for ideas and concepts developed in later stages. This statement help one understand that there a several steps to a new product that a company needs to take. Within those steps, many risk are taken that can affect stakeholders and different areas of the company, such as the budget of the company, Changes require new budgeting that a company might not have. Identify the Alternatives and Benchmarking Validation They need to identify alternatives for marketing strategies to help increase customer satisfaction, retain their loyal customers, acquire new cliental, decrease cost, raise morale, and establish new programs or enhance existing ones. To accomplish this, they need to perform benchmarking validation, with other companies, such as British Airways (BA). Some of BAs experiences can help set Classic Airlines in the right direction. To accomplish the changes Virgin Atlantic needed, the executive vice president and chief marketing officer should announce the expanded role of BAs marketing department with the establishment of an Innovation and Strategy group comprised of the following functions: Research and Development, Strategic Insights and Innovation, and Operations Innovation (Restaurant new resource, 2006). They also need to indicate that they have completely retooled and reinvigorated their development process, and their product pipeline is filled with a wide array of exciting options, this was accomplished by creating a single team responsible for driving and enhancing innovation at all levels. Evaluate the Alternatives Airlines marketing strategies were to increase customer satisfaction. As a result, this will increase profit, retain customers, and acquire new ones. Comparing to BAs, they were decreasing revenues, customer satisfaction, and certainly not acquiring new customers. In fact, the ones that stayed with Classic were flying less. Another alternative solution suggests is that they may want to get better CRM system that will help then products reports that tell them where they stand. These reports can segment for different elements such as customer evaluations, customer trends, and customer flying habits. Identify and Assess Risks They identified the need to improve their Classic Rewards program. The step that companies recently take in the new-product process to provide a needed focus for ideas and concepts developed in later stages (Kerin, R A, 2006). This statement help one understand that there a several steps to a new product that a company needs to take. Within those steps, many risk are taken that can affect stakeholders and different areas of the company, such as the budget of the company, Changes require new budgeting that a company might not have. TASK 4.1 Analysis on the future existence The airport dominance has grown competitive in the hospitality industry of every country. Accommodating this competitive growth is the role it plays in the helping the economy to survive. There is always a different philosophy in every business venture in the heads of the entrepreneurs and airlines are a huge investment that still on the case-to-case basis for survival. In addition, there is a regulation that is strictly implemented in the market which makes the competitive advantage hard to catch. The specific strategy that can be applied is out of interest in finding dominant position. This is the evolving issues for the changes that might happen inside an organization. The similarities, differences and crossing out of the unlikely process and procedures are the continuous methods applied in the intermediate term of the companys existence. Sustainable Competitive Advantage The Virgin Airlines outrageous connection to media gave the business a huge market competency advantage. The accessibility to the media such as television, radio, and even newspapers gave the business and the other business under the Virgin Group give the opportunity to promote each other. The leadership of Mr Richard Branson gave an incredible impact on this matter. TASK 4.2 MrBranson incorporated the business under the certain criteria or conditions.it should be in high quality; the business should promote innovation; provide a good value for the money; it should introduce a kind of challenge to existing alternatives; and it must be also with the sense of fun. Virgin Atlantic started back in 1984 with a single 747-200 and flying in route of London to New York. Aside from the gasoline, the business was fuelled with two ideas to offer low price and have a better service. Passengers are the treated as visitors and the business thought of the things to serve better meals, offer more entertainment, create fun, and acquire smiling and enthusiastic flight crews. For over the years, the airlines shook the industry with the project for innovation to provide the quality of service and entertainment. The airline is the first to offer two choices of meals, even in economy class, and spa-services. Thus, they became the industry most favourite in airlines and second largest long-haul carrier on the route of London to New York. The leadership of Mr Branson is felt by all of his flight crews and supports them in every step they create. The ingredients to success that Mr Branson formulated is first, he is unafraid to failures and instead of sticking with one you know, he proposes the idea of making great things if an entrepreneur knows one business, then he will know any business. Another is to focus on his employee and staying the course as if in placing the control over the business. The different entered businesses of Mr Branson are not all successful and there are many problems which are different on the leaders idealistic mind. Even if the Virgin Group failed at the other invested business, they still keep the values which is unique than the other organizations. Conclusion The Bransonism, taken from the name of Mr. Branson, believes in the idea that if the company grows larger and larger, the leader should treat the people working under him as human beings and as essential players of the organization. Moreover, he believes that a business will fail if he doesnt give it try for failures are the start of great things. And a leader should find the people who are good at motivating the others and getting the best out of people.  Virgin Airlines has expanded and reached the United States, Asia, and South Africa. Only Mr Branson set sights in building the domain in United States if he can tear down the barriers blocking foreign-owned airlines from offering routes the United States. Developing strategic management and leadership skills Developing strategic management and leadership skills The field of management deals with organizations. Our society could not exist or improve its present status without managers to guide it organizations. Thirty years ago, Peter Drucker, a noted management authority, proclaimed that effective management was becoming the main resource of developed nations, and that it was the most needed resource of developing nations. Functions of Strategic Management 1. Planning 2. Organizing 3. Leading 4. Controlling Planning is considered to be the central function of management because it sets the pattern for the other activities to follow. Planning means defining goals for future organizational performance and deciding on the tasks and use of resources needed to attain them (Richard Daft). Planning encompasses four elements:  · Evaluating environmental forces and organizational resources  · establishing a set of organizational goals  · Developing strategies and plans to achieve the stated goals  · formulating a decision-making process Organizing is the managerial function of making sure there are available the resources to carry out a plan. Organizing involves the assignment of tasks, the grouping of tasks into departments, and the allocation of resources to departments (Richard Daft) Managers must bring together individuals and tasks to make effective use of people and resources. Three elements are essential to organizing:  · developing the structure of the organization  · Acquiring and training human resources  · Establishing communication patterns and networks Leading is another of the basic function within the management process Leading is the use of influence to motivate employees to achieve organizational goals (Richard Daft). Three components make up the leading function:  · Motivating employees  · Influencing employees  · forming effective groups The final phase of the management process is controlling. Controlling means monitoring employees activities, determining whether the organization is on target toward its goals, and making correction as necessary (Richard Daft ). Three basic components constitute the control function:  · Elements of a control system  · Evaluating and rewarding employee performance  · controlling financial, informational, and physical resources Improving Organizational Performance The performance is a global concept the represents the results of human activities. Organizational performance is the way in which an organization tries to be effective (Ricky W. Griffin). An organizations performance can be measured in many different ways. The most common ways are in terms of efficiency or effectiveness. If organizations are using their resources to attain their goals, the managers are effective. Finally, productivity is the level of output of goods and services achieved by the resources of an organization (Ricky W. Griffin) Effectiveness, efficiency, performance, and productivity are all important concepts for managers and organizations. Communicating and Implementing Change This work advances a stronger conceptual and empirical understanding of two broad, conceptual communicative treatments for implementing change: programmatic and participatory. These theoretical approaches are elucidated respectively through established communication models, activities, and strategies advanced by previous scholarship within the communication and business disciplines. This article concludes with potential strategies for advancing for research in this arena. Developing and Leading High Performance Team High performing teams at all levels are essential for achieving outstanding organizational performance. This is especially so in situations of rapid or major change and during crises. Each team should have: 1. Common vision, objective and direction. 2. High standards. 3. Mutual respect, trust and accountability. 4. Individual sense of responsibility. 5. A sense of team identity. 6. High motivation and team energy. Definitions of Leadership Mintzbergs observations and research indicate that diverse manager activities can be organized into ten roles. For an important starting point, all ten rules are vested with formal authority over an organizational unit. From formal authority comes status, which leads to various interpersonal relations, and from these comes access to information, which, in turn, enables the manager to make decisions and strategies. The figurehead role: Every manager must perform some duties of a ceremonial nature. These activities are important to the smooth functioning of an organization. The leader role: This role involves leadership. The leader role encompasses relationships with subordinates, including motivation, communication, and influence. The liaison role: in which the manager makes contacts inside and outside the organization with a wide range of people: subordinates, clients, business associates, government, trade organization officials, and so on. The monitor role: This role involves seeking current information from many sources. The disseminator role: In their disseminator role, managers pass information to other, both inside and outside the organization. The spokesperson role: In their spokesman role, managers send some of their information to people outside the organization about company policies, needs, actions, or plans. The entrepreneur role: In his entrepreneur role, managers search for improvement his unit to adopt it to changing conditions in the environment. The disturbance handler role: This role involves responding to high-pressure disturbances. The resource allocator role: In their resource allocator role, managers make decisions about how to allocate people, budget, equipment, time and other resources to attain desired outcomes. The negotiator role: The negotiations are duties of the managers job. These activities involve formal negotiations and bargaining to attain outcomes for the managers unit responsibility. Followership The Courageous Follower is a contemporary classic that redefines the power and responsibility of followership, the role of many who must support, confront, engage, foster, and leverage the talents and wisdom of their leaders. Direct versus Indirect Leadership The direct leadership is about giving dictations to your people and maybe enforcing yourself as a leader while the Indirect type of leadership has to do with like having thousands of followers without even possessing the role of leadership. The indirect leadership has to do with influencing others and making them your followers indirectly by inspiring them through the character, charisma etc. Leadership is not about ruling people like subjects and taking it for granted; its about presenting you as someone who people think should be followed for guidance. Its about winning the minds and hearts of people. 1.2 Management and Leadership Style Autocratic Autocratic leadership can be said to be synonymous to dictatorship where only one person has the authority over the followers or workers. Their decision has to be taken as the golden rule and should never be questioned. They plan out everything and order their subordinates to work according to their rules. For instance, if a company has an autocratic leader as the Managing Director, the employees in the company would have to work as per the rules set down by him. Bureaucratic This style of leadership follows a close set of standards. Everything is done in an exact, specific way to ensure safety and/or accuracy. You will often find this leadership role in a situation where the work environment is dangerous and specific sets of procedures are necessary to ensure safety. Charismatic Charismatic Leaders, who are building a group, whether it is a political party, a cult or a business team, will often focus strongly on making the group very clear and distinct, separating it from other groups. They will then build the image of the group, in particular in the minds of their followers, as being far superior to all others. The Charismatic Leader will typically attach themselves firmly to the identify of the group, such that to join the group is to become one with the leader. In doing so, they create an unchallengeable position for themselves. Laissez-Faire Laissez faire style simply means a delegate approach to leadership. Many researchers have found out that those children, who grow under laissez-faire leadership establishments, happen to be the less productive in any group. This was also reinforced by these children making more demands upon their leader, as researchers have come to ascertain, amidst showing little in terms of cooperation as well as the inability to work more independently. Persuasive Persuasion is an essential proficiency for all leaders, requiring you to move people toward a position they dont currently hold. You must not only make a rational argument, but also frame your ideas, approaches and solutions in ways that appeal to diverse groups of people with basic human emotions. Any direct attempt to persuade may provoke colleagues to oppose and polarize. Because persuasion is learning and negotiating process, it must include three phases: discovery, preparation and dialogue. Participative The participative leadership style, also known as the participative democratic leadership style, is a very essential factor in todays business sector, which does the job of creating and maintaining healthy relationships between the employees and their leaders. This is probably the best type of corporate leadership style that necessarily allows employees to give suggestions and take some of the crucial decisions, along with their manager. However, the final decision rests on the manager himself. Culture of Organization Organizational culture is an idea in the field of organizational studies and management which describes the psychology, attitudes, experiences, beliefs and values (personal and cultural values) of an organization. It has been defined as the specific collection of values and norms that are shared by people and groups in an organization and that control the way they interact with each other and with stakeholders outside the organization. Characteristics of Manager A good manager is the one who can manage his organization successfully and profitably. The characteristics of a best manager is he should be able to understand every team members strengths and weaknesses and utilize every members abilities at his/her best in the interest of the organization and motivate the staff, understand and acknowledge every staff members efficiency and reward them accordingly. A good manager is like the good leader who doesnt say do it but says lets do it. Adapting Management and Leadership Styles Leading is something we cant learn in the abstract. Weve got to do it. Theres not always a choice as to who well lead, and you have to be willing to change the how. The steady slugger who wants to be alone; the creative fireball whos frequently missing; the expert with personal problems; all has contributions to make. They need different approaches to bring out their best, and we have to adapt the way you lead. Chapter-2 Support Organizational Direction 2.1 Theories Transformation Leadership Theory Transformational leadership is defined as a leadership approach that causes change in individuals and social systems. In its ideal form, it creates valuable and positive change in the followers with the end goal of developing followers into leaders. Enacted in its authentic form, transformational leadership enhances the motivation, morale and performance of his followers through a variety of mechanisms. Transactional Leadership (Bennis, Bass) Transactional leadership is a term used to classify a formally known group leadership theories that inquire the interactions between leaders and followers. A transactional leader focuses more on a series of transactions. This person is interested in looking out for oneself, having exchange benefits with their subordinates and clarifies a sense of duty with rewards and punishments to reach goals. Charismatic Leadership (Weber, Corger, and kanungo) Max Webers conceptualization of charismatic authority as a force for change has had a profound influence on the ideas and research of social scientists for several decades. The article explores the impact of Webers conceptualization upon one particular group of researchers-the organizational behaviorists. Starting in the 1970s, they began to formulate theoretical models of charismatic leadership in organizational settings and undertook empirical investigations. Similarly to Weber, they saw charismatic leadership as a force for change in organizations. This article examines Webers conceptualization of charisma as a force for transformation; explores the extent of his impact on organizational research of the 1980s and 1990s; and draws attention to neglected areas of his theory that have important implications for future research. Contingency Theory (Feidler) The contingency model emphasizes the importance of both the leaders personality and the situation in which that leader operates. A leader is the individual who is given the task of directing and coordinating task-relevant activities, or the one who carries the responsibility for performing these functions when there is no appointed leader. Situational Theories Paul Hersey and Kenneth H. Blanchard5 (a co-author of the One Minute Manager) identified a three-dimensional approach for assessing leadership effectiveness: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Leaders exhibit task behavior (the extent to which leaders are likely to organize and define the roles of followers and direct the work) and relationship behavior. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The effectiveness of the leader depends on how his or her leadership style interrelates with the situation. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The willingness and ability (readiness) of an employee to do a particular task is an important situational factor. 2.2 Emotional Intelligence Emotional intelligence is the ability, capacity, skill or, in the case of the trait EI model, a self-perceived ability to identify, assesses, and controls the emotions of oneself, of others, and of groups. Different models have been proposed for the definition of EI and there is disagreement about how the term should be used. Despite these disagreements, which are often highly technical, the ability-EI and trait-EI models enjoy support in the literature and have successful applications in various domains. Constrainer and Enablers Some of the constraints that may affect the process improvement and change efforts are Cultural and Behavioral Factors, Organizational Structure, and Technology.    These factors influence incremental and fundamental improvement efforts.    The initiatives weaken because of a companys failure to consider these constraints, which in turn, limits success of the plan. The organizations, which are more inept to change, thrive on change.    Smaller organizations may have the same constraints if the environment is designed Studies on Emotional Quotient Golemans model outlines four main EI constructs: Self-awareness the ability to read ones emotions and recognize their impact while using gut feelings to guide decisions. Self-management involves controlling ones emotions and impulses and adapting to changing circumstances. Social awareness the ability to sense, understand, and react to others emotions while comprehending social networks Relationship management the ability to inspire, influence, and develop others while managing conflict 2.3 Applicability to Support Organization Direction Efficiency Efficiency in general describes the extent to which time or effort is well used for the intended task or purpose. It is often used with the specific gloss of relaying the capability of a specific application of effort to produce a specific outcome effectively with a minimum amount or quantity of waste, expense, or unnecessary effort. Efficiency has widely varying meanings in different disciplines. Reliability In general, reliability (systemic def.) is the ability of a person or system to perform and maintain its functions in routine circumstances, as well as hostile or unexpected circumstances. Innovation Innovation can therefore be seen as the process that renews something that exists and not, as is commonly assumed, the introduction of something new. Furthermore this makes clear innovation is not an economic term by origin, but dates back to the middle Ages at least and possibly even earlier. Adaption Adaptation is the evolutionary process whereby a population becomes better suited to its habitat. This process takes place over many generations, and is one of the basic phenomena of biology. The term adaptation may also refer to a feature which is especially important for an organisms survival. Human Resource Human resource is a term used to describe the individuals who make up the workforce of an organization, although it is also applied in labor economics to, for example, business sectors or even whole nations. Human resources is also the name of the function within an organization charged with the overall responsibility for implementing strategies and policies relating to the management of individuals. This function title is often abbreviated to the initials HR. Organizations and Subunits An organization is a social arrangement which pursues collective goals, controls its own performance, and has a boundary separating it from its environment. There are a variety of legal types of organizations, including: corporations, governments, non-governmental organizations, international organizations, armed forces, charities, not-for-profit corporations, partnerships, cooperatives, and universities. A subunit is a subdivision of an official unit. Unit codes of subunits end in a non-zero number between -001 and -999. While official units represent official academic or administrative university entities, subunits are established to allow for more granular control over funds or workflow within the official unit. Subunits are typically associated with individuals, programs, or projects. Business start up versus Established Despite their similarities, start-up companies and established small businesses can be dramatically different when it comes to funding. Established small businesses usually have modest profits and rarely become huge money makers. Start-ups, on the other hand, often have lofty ambitions and the possibility of becoming huge businesses in the future. Turnaround Leadership 1. Leadership during a turnaround is very different from business as usual leadership, find out how if differs 2. If you are not comfortable with this best practices leadership style, then you must find someone who is 3. This leadership style works but can lead to confusion and resentment, find out why Chapter-3 Assess Leadership Requirement 3.1 Assess Leadership Requirements The first and most basic prerequisite for leadership is the desire to lead. After all, becoming an effective leader takes hard work. If were not prepared to work hard at developing your leadership skills or if, deep down, were really not sure whether you want to lead or not, we will struggle to become an effective leader. Virtual Organization A virtual organization is not business as usual. It requires a new management approach and an incredible awareness of the issues and challenges that could cause its demise. In a recent focus group represented by twenty members of a single virtual organization, but located at numerous site locations, the following challenges were recorded: 1. Communication 2. Leadership/management 3. Knowledge transfer 4. Processes 5. Infrastructure Diversity The concept of diversity encompasses acceptance and respect. It means understanding that each individual is unique, and recognizing our individual differences.   These can be along the dimensions of race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, socio-economic status, age, physical abilities, religious beliefs, political beliefs, or other ideologies.   Globalization Globalization describes the process by which regional economies, societies, and cultures have become integrated through a global network of political ideas through communication, transportation, and trade. The term is most closely associated with the term economic globalization: the integration of national economies into the international economy through trade, foreign direct investment, capital flows, migration, the spread of technology, and military presence. Economic Climate General economic environment comprising of the attitude of the government and lending institutions toward businesses and business activity, attitude of labor unions toward employers, current taxation regimen, inflation rate, and such. E-Leadership E-leadership is no different from any other form of effective leadership except that in e-leadership you have no option but to be very good at it. It requires a high level of transformational leadership because of the highly participative nature of the e-world between E-organizations and e-customers and the interconnectedness between leader and follower with the ever-increasing reality of the blurred lines between the two. Mergers and Takeovers In  a general sense,  mergers and  takeovers are very similar corporate actions they combine two previously separate firms into a single legal entity. Significant operational advantages can be obtained when two firms are combined and, in fact,  the goal of most  mergers and acquisitions is to improve company performance and shareholder value  over the long-term. Restructuring Restructuring is the corporate management term for the act of reorganizing the legal, ownership, operational, or other structures of a company for the purpose of making it more profitable, or better organized for its present needs. Alternate reasons for restructuring include a change of ownership or ownership structure, demerger, or a response to a crisis or major change in the business such as bankruptcy, repositioning, or buyout. Restructuring may also be described as corporate restructuring, debt restructuring and financial restructuring. Integrity Leadership There is a connection between trust and integrity, but trust is a broader concept. People need to be competent to earn our trust, not just honest. To be a credible candidate for any job, a person needs the skills and personal qualities to be effective in the role. Integrity is also broader than honesty. In addition to being honest, leaders with integrity must behave ethically. A criminal could be honest while breaking the law. Partnership and Alliances The Managing Partnerships and Strategic Alliances programmed focuses on deepening your understanding of the strategic foundation, the governance structure and the dynamics of the collaborative process. The programmed discusses the problems and stumbling blocks in selecting, negotiating and managing alliances. Throughout this intensive programmed, both practical and theory are carefully balanced so that you learn not only the frameworks, but also the key behaviors and cross-cultural competencies that lead to collaborative success. Regulatory Compliance In general, compliance means conforming to a rule, such as a specification, policy, standard or law. Regulatory compliance describes the goal that corporations or public agencies aspire to in their efforts to ensure that personnel are aware of and take steps to comply with relevant laws and regulations. Interim Leadership Recognizing that management teams may lack experience in turning around a business, we introduce experienced turnaround professionals who can step into executive or advisory roles in the business, such as chairmen, CEOs, CFOs, chief restructuring officers, operations, marketing, human resources, non-executive directors and advisers/mentors to boards. Chapter-4 Plans of Leadership Skills 4.1 Development of Leadership Skills The leadership skill set in the book comprehensively covers the subject of managing people, from A to Z. It includes how to effectively deal with stress and 22 problematic workplace conditions and behaviors such as bosses, bureaucracy, negative attitudes and personality clashes. Whether we manage one person or thousands, these clearly defined leadership skills are your script for achieving excellence. Different Methods of developing leaders Great content delivered well is not enough to help individuals change their behaviors. Assuming good content and capable personnel, the structure of a learning initiative and the methods used to convey knowledge will either ensure success or guarantee failure. Self help and developmental activities Training Courses People need a reason to change. Establish new programs that reward the individuals that are ready to step up. When employees see the advantage of leadership they are going to change their behavior. These do not have to only have to be financial incentives. There are a variety of ways to reward employees. People love to be recognized. It is a good idea to show gratitude through having an employee of the month or posting success stories in the company news letter. Job Rotation Job rotation is an approach to management development where an individual is moved through a schedule of assignments designed to give him or her breadth of exposure to the entire operation. Job rotation is also practiced to allow qualified employees to gain more insights into the processes of a company, and to reduce boredom and increase job satisfaction through job variation. Seminars Sometimes the traditional approach has its place delivering learning to large or small groups. Some company uses this method as part of a wider blended learning initiative. By itself a group seminar is, in our view, an ineffective method of conveying learning. Executive Coaching High impact and participant focused; get one to one coaching right and you can transform individual performance great goals, great techniques, and great results. Mentoring Mentoring is to support and encourage people to manage their own learning in order that they may maximize their potential, develop their skills, improve their performance and become the person they want to be. Action Learning Physical activity can be a powerful medium for promoting learning. A team exercise, indoors or outdoors, can bring insights that hours of discussion would fail to reveal. The secret is in debrief and in designing activities to fit with the messages and objectives of an overall initiative. Self Directed Learning Self directed learning is a way of creating a situation where learning is owned by the individual and aligned with organizational needs. Individuals take responsibility for decisions about their learning and work with others to achieve it. Figure: The PRO Model of self-directed learning Reading Articles Reading is a means of language acquisition, of communication, and of sharing information and ideas. Like all language, it is a complex interaction between the text and the reader which is shaped by the readers prior knowledge, experiences, attitude, and language community which is culturally and socially situated. The reading process requires continuous practices, development, and refinement. Changing Methodology in Leadership This model around change leadership came to be when a man named Aaron Antonowsky was doing a health study. He study women and menopause in Israel and part of his study group were women who had been confined to concentration camps during the Second World War. Learning from Mistakes Simple: Mistakes that are avoidable but your sequence of decisions made inevitable. Having the power go out in the middle of your party because you forgot to pay the rent, or running out of beer at said party because you didnt anticipate the number of guests. Involved: Mistakes are that are understood but require effort to prevent. Regularly is arriving late to work/friends, eating fast food for lunch every day, or going bankrupt at your start-up company because of your complete ignorance of basic accounting. Complex: Mistakes that have complicated causes and no obvious way to avoid next time. Examples include making tough decisions that have bad results, relationships that fail, or other unpleasant or unsatisfying outcomes to important things. Developing Leadership versus Recruiting as Needed The concept of leadership competency development is discussed with an emphasis on the historical approaches versus contemporary requirements. Issues surrounding the notion of inherent leadership talent as compared with developing leadership capabilities are contrasted with the need for some systematic framework from which to address the leadership question. Council for Excelling in Leadership The Leadership Council is a group of business people who set aside a portion of their time to provide training and exchange ideas with both leaders and emerging leaders.   The faculty is distinct, as they are business leaders themselves.   They remain active in their respective industries and pursuits.   As such, they deliver real-world, essential leadership skills to excelling individuals and organizations. Management Diagnostic Tools A commercially available tool widely used internationally which covers an extensive range of management competences. Strengths: A genuine self-diagnostic and management and leadership tool, giving clear recommendations for future development. Significant experience from elsewhere can be drawn on. Weaknesses: Although various versions are available, the main MAP product can take up to 2 days to complete fully, involving in-depth discussions and reviews with trained facilitators. Costs are variable, depending on the numbers purchased and additional financial inducements some support agencies have provided. Leadership Competencies There are five leadership competencies: 1. Creates a compelling future 2. Inspires others to achieve 3. Learns and shares knowledge 4. Demonstrates a passion for customers 5. Delivers great performance Emotional Intelligence Emotional intelligence (EI) refers to the ability to perceive, control, and evaluate emotions. Some researchers suggest that emotional intelligence can be learned and strengthened, while other claim it is an inborn characteristic. Social Intelligence