IKEA Analysis Report (Operations management)1 Assignment - 1

IKEA Analysis Report (Operations management)1 - Assignment Example The incentive gives benefits both to the organization and the partner. It energizes the jobs and errands attempted by the partners to be in like with company’s destinations. It turns into the advancement suggestion to likely customer base, the explanation they should do exchange with organization, as opposed to its adversaries. It imparts to the whole organization a feeling of exact reason and course, planning their works toward the overburdening regular motivation behind producing a fulfilled client. IKEA, the Swedish furniture industrialized organization have applied Co-efficiency to its total abuse. IKEA offers its products to clients in a unit type which the client amasses themselves, at a lower valuing. The reason that this strategy is effective is that clients don't put a value on their own vitality and time in collecting the product. In certain situations, the measure of additional exertion inputted by the customers can be a more noteworthy expense than it could be if t he party of the goods were done capably (Porter, 2001). IKEA’s separation situating methodology; the crucial idea of a separation strategy is to be outstanding in habits that are valuable to customers in a practical technique. Separation needs a top to bottom appreciating what customers esteem most, where down the worth chain to create the separating factors, and what encourages and capacities are required to deliver this exceptionality. It is that the partnership benefits few market fragments by offering a worth goal that fulfills each segment on a couple of key degree which makes this situating system profitable. The key is to make item stand apart from serious arrangements by having stock that gives a couple of profoundly esteemed components. Unmistakable abilities are those possibilities that an organization can show improvement over contenders and are not just imitated. For example, IKEA can be said to have a quirky capacity in fathoming the client. At the point when thi s trademark capacity lies in a significant achievement zone, or a development which is vital if the organization yearnings to remain alive in the long haul, it turns into a serious addition. The worth Chain The worth chain is the association of different items or fragments of the organization to offer significant things. It includes appropriate arranging, coordination and control of the organization fragments, for example, creation, advertising, administration and plan and improvement. IKEA esteem chain is summed up as; the worth proposition is the finish of the worth succession. There are two sections to the worth arrangement: the buyer and the organization. The organization covers the entirety of the household and outer methods that are executed all through the worth chain. The achievement or disappointment of the worth arrangement will reflect how the individuals from the worth chain perceive the outer weights on the worth chain (Sheehy, Bracey, and Frazier, 1996). On the off cha nce that these perceptions are off base, at that point the value recommendation will be obsolete. The worth chain incorporates the clients and partners desires that must be thought of. Deal with the coordinations of the organization that guarantee smooth progression of method. Ikea elusive items and advantages Currently IKEA has not focused on surveying the unmistakable focal points of its ecological

Investigation of Resistance in a Nichrome 32 Wire Essay Example

Examination of Resistance in a Nichrome 32 Wire Essay In this undertaking I will examine how the length of Nichrome wire will influence the opposition. All length, cross segment territory, temperature and kind of material are the elements that influence obstruction. I will keep these factors consistent other than length. To do this examination I will set up a basic circuit and complete a progression of preliminaries estimating voltage and current utilizing various lengths of wire.Prediction:I anticipate that when the length of the Nichrome 32 wire is expanded the opposition will likewise increment similarly. The opposition increments as the length increments on the grounds that the electrons that are going through the wire crash into the metal iotas of the wire. The more you increment the length of the wire, the more impacts there will be between the metal molecules and electrons. The crashes that happen produce heat vitality which is brought about by contact. I foresee that in the event that you twofold the length of the wire the oppos ition will likewise double.Fair Test:To make this a reasonable test I will keep certain factors the equivalent, just changing the length of wire. The factors I will keep a similar comprise of the force gracefully so I dont send more capacity to the electrons to go around, and temperature with the goal that it doesnt influence the opposition of the wire since increment of the temperature builds the obstruction of the wire. I likewise need to keep the cross segment zone of the wire the equivalent on the grounds that as I increment the cross sectional territory obstruction will diminish. These should remain the equivalent to ensure that the trial goes in like manner and resumes being a reasonable test. For this situation I can complete my test without stressing over anything turning out badly and it additionally permits my outcomes to be more accurate.Equipment:* Ammeter* Voltmeter* Low Voltage Power Supply* Variable Resistor* Connecting Wires Crocodile Clips* Wires Of Nichrome 32 (no different diameter)Method:1. Set up a circuit as appeared in the outline above.2. Measure a 100cm length of Nichrome 32 wire and associate it to the circuit.3. Set force gracefully to 6 volts DC and turn on.4. Record the current and voltage and rapidly turn off the force supply.5. Between each perusing, permit the wire to cool and change the variable resistor.6. Rehash stages 3 5 two more times.7. Change length of wire to 90cm, and rehash stages 3 6. Rehash the procedure for all the lengths as appeared in the table.Health Safety:Evaluation:Test Results (Preliminary Work):Length (cm)VoltageCurrentResistance (ohms)100.640.341.88201.110.313.58301.320.304.40401.690.266.54502.140.258.56602.470.2310.8702.630.2211.43803.060.2015.25903.100.1916.321003.150.2016.5789Test Results (1):Length (cm)VoltageCurrentResistance (ohms)102.092.600.80202.812.211.27303.121.591.96403.881.103.52504.050.974.17604.440.894.98704.690.746.33805.070.687.45905.200.618.521005.300.569.46Test Results (2):Length (cm)Vo ltageCurrentResistance (ohms)101.111.340.83201.531.291.18301.960.942.08402.360.743.18502.980.724.13603.540.854.16703.440.546.37803.910.537.37904.170.498.511003.990.439.50Test Results (3):Length (cm)VoltageCurrentResistance (ohms)100.941.020.92201.080.901.20301.540.742.08401.980.653.04502.500.604.16602.960.585.10702.900.466.30803.190.447.25903.610.458.021003.520.379.51Average Resistance:Length (cm)Average Resistance (ohms)100.80 + 0.83 + 0.92 à ¯Ã¢ ¿Ã¢ ½ 3 = 1.93201.27 + 1.18 + 1.20 à ¯Ã¢ ¿Ã¢ ½ 3 = 2.85301.96 + 2.08 + 2.08 à ¯Ã¢ ¿Ã¢ ½ 3 = 4.73403.52 + 3.18 + 3.04 à ¯Ã¢ ¿Ã¢ ½ 3 = 7.71504.17 + 4.13 + 4.16 à ¯Ã¢ ¿Ã¢ ½ 3 = 9.68604.98 + 4.16 + 5.10 à ¯Ã¢ ¿Ã¢ ½ 3 = 10.84706.33 + 6.37 + 6.30 à ¯Ã¢ ¿Ã¢ ½ 3 = 14.80807.45 + 7.37 + 7.25 à ¯Ã¢ ¿Ã¢ ½ 3 = 17.23908.52 + 8.51 + 8.02 à ¯Ã¢ ¿Ã¢ ½ 3 = 19.701009.46 + 9.50 + 9.51 à ¯Ã¢ ¿Ã¢ ½ 3 = 22.13

Theories of Personality | Essay

Hypotheses of Personality | Essay Clinicians have for some time been keen on the investigation of character since it is helpful for comprehension and anticipating human conduct. Indeed, even laypersons in everyday life, on a natural premise, make character decisions about people they meet dependent on social attributes, scholarly quality and appearance. In addition, one tries to comprehend oneself by recognizing and creating character. Character decides the manner by which people think and carry on, it influences the manner in which one would behave in everyday activities. People have interesting examples of conduct differing from the way one strolls, talks, or eats to the manner in which one invests free energy. The immense range of structures that character takes represents why people are unique in relation to each other. The motivation behind why it is critical to see such individual contrasts of character is on the grounds that activity execution, scholastic execution, political and social perspectives, social co nnections and wellbeing are totally influenced by one’s character. Character brain science looks to carry logical thoroughness to the way toward understanding various characters. Obvious characteristics and practices may vary from the genuine internal character of a person. Thus characterizing and understanding character is a troublesome errand. A lot of meanings of character have been presented by different analysts. Among such definitions was an extensive definition advanced by Burger. Burger (2011) characterized character as reliable personal conduct standards and intrapersonal forms that begin from inside the person. Because of the multifaceted nature of comprehension and distinguishing human character, different hypotheses of character have been presented throughout the years by different therapists. Sigmund Freud, contrived what is today a famous hypothesis, known as the basic hypothesis of character (Freud 1923 refered to in McLeod 2013). The hypothesis was conceived dependent on the psychodynamic point of view which accentuates the impact that powers and drives inside the oblivious brain have on human conduct. Freud depicted the human brain as a chunk of ice (Freud 1900, 1905 refered to in McLeod 2013). A glimpse of something larger, which is the little segment noticeable over the surface, represents the cognizant brain. Just underneath the cognizant psyche is the preconscious mind which is outside one’s mindfulness however is effectively open. The base of the icy mass which takes up most of its volume is the oblivious psyche. The auxiliary hypothesis of character collects character into 3 frameworks; the id, sense of self and superego. The parity of these 3 structures brings about one’s character. The id, which is in the oblivious psyche, is the instinctual and crude part of character. Life impulses (Eros) and demise senses (Thanatos) are the fundamental senses that are constituent of the id (Freud 1920, 1925 refered to in McLeod 2013). The id work on the delight guideline in which essential impulses, explicitly the craving for nourishment and sex, require prompt satisfaction, paying little heed to any results (Freud 1920 refered to in McLeod 2008). The id, like the method for a baby crying so as to get what it needs, has no respect for social standards. So as to intercede between the outer world and the narrow minded wants of id, the self image creates. The inner self, staying in the cognizant brain, is the part of character that settles on choices and finds sensible and sensible approaches to fulfill the wants of id. The ego’s vitality is to make bargains and exercise social manners so as to keep away from dissatisfaction or results of society. There is a third powerf ul and to a great extent oblivious arrangement of powers which directs one’s convictions and ethics, called the superego. One’s convictions of what is good and bad is obtained through youth encounters and supporting. At the point when one acts such that one accepts is ethically off base, the superego makes one feel remorseful. Superego’s objective dissimilar to the id and inner self is good flawlessness. As per the way where the id, self image and superego cooperate, Freud proposed that there are 3 characters; the insane character, masochist character and sound character. A sound mind is one of which the ego’s job is predominant over superego and id. At the point when the contention among superego and id become overpowering the oblivious procedures of personality use guard systems (suppression being one of the most widely recognized resistance instruments) so as to shield the self from nervousness. The insane mind is one in which id is prevailing and make s the individual demonstration in an incautious and asocial way. The hypochondriac mind is one in which superego is administering and makes the individual be a fussbudget, preposterously blameworthy and masochist if any ethical code is broken to acquire joy. The basic hypothesis of character is an exceptionally exhaustive hypothesis. The hypothetical framework expressly clarifies and deciphers a remarkable scope of human conduct and encounters, which is basic in understanding the various kinds of characters. Contemporary brain science connects with specific ideas of the psychodynamic hypothesis and heuristic estimation of the hypothesis has been valued (Shaver and Mikulincer 2005). Freud’s dubious thoughts †that oblivious powers exist and impact conduct, that early encounters assume an enormous job being developed of character, that people oppose dangers by utilizing protection instruments and that clashing emotions regularly bring about trade off †are acknowledged now by numerous therapists and research directed has offered proof to the legitimacy of Freud’s sees (Westen 1998; Baumeister, Dale and Sommer 1998). While different points of view, especially social and psychological viewpoints, underscore ordinarily o n proximal causes, the psychodynamic viewpoint accentuate on distal reasons for conduct forms also. The utilization of contextual analyses as an exploration strategy to examine character regards the multifaceted nature of character and coming about conduct by researching inside and out rather than a concise, depiction lab study. Anyway pundits attest that there are a few issues with the contextual investigation strategy that Freud utilized in building the basic hypothesis of character. Patients’ perceptions were not recorded promptly after hearing them, subsequently Freud’s memory of such point by point and broad records of members may have been contorted, or potentially later recorded in a one-sided way (Sulloway 1991). Besides the subjects of Freud’s contextual investigations, on most events, were rich European people making the pitiful example unrepresentative and too illusive to even think about drawing widespread decisions about human conduct. Subsequently, the exactness of the basic hypothesis of character is debilitated. The testability of the basic hypothesis is a significant issue since recommendations and ideas are questionable. The equivocalness brings about trouble in determining an unmistakable speculation that can be put to test and demonstrated. A great part of the hypothesis is introduced in allegories †life and demise impulses, and the brain portrayed as an icy mass †which muddles any endeavor to experimentally verify the hypothesis. What's more, the basic hypothesis of character helps in clarifying conduct after perception however doesn't contribute significantly to anticipating conduct, which basically, is a primary motivation behind contemplating character in any case. The hypothesis can additionally be scrutinized in light of the fact that it is deterministic. It gives a corrupting and negative perspective on human instinct since one is believed to be unreasonable and constrained by sex and forceful inclinations. While various suspicions become possibly the most important factor, the clarification is as yet limited to organic powers, and overlooks different impacts on self-improvement that may incorporate selflessness, fitness, investigation and freewill. The logical legitimacy of Freud’s hypothesis has been tested by Eysenck. After a survey of clinical writing, Eysenck found that out of 7,000 case chronicles of masochist patients, 66% of patients treated by methods for analysis improved, anyway 72% of patients who were not treated by methods for any treatment improved inside 2 years after the beginning of their disease (Eysenck 1952). These discoveries contradict the legitimacy of the ideas of the psychoanalytical methodology and the basic hypothesis of character. A contemporary hypothesis of character proposed by Mischel and Shoda considers the intellectual and full of feeling forms that have an effect on conduct and gives more concentration to situationism. Situationism is the supposition that individuals’ conduct is coordinated by the circumstance the individual is in instead of dispositional characteristics. The psychological full of feeling framework hypothesis of character was proposed to determine the conflicting discoveries on the consistency of character and the irregularity of conduct across circumstances (Mischel and Shoda 1995). As indicated by the intellectual full of feeling frameworks hypothesis, there are 2 significant ideas that must be consolidated. The first is that so as to comprehend an individual, the individual’s considerations must be comprehended. Along these lines the individual’s portrayal of the world is a noteworthy factor to consider. The second is that idea continues simultaneously on differe nt tracks which converge once in a while. The hypothesis conceptualizes character as ‘a stable framework that intercedes how the individual chooses, understands, and forms social data and produces social behaviours’ (Mischel and Shoda 1995). Basically, the association among discernment and character influences conduct in various circumstances. The motivation behind why there are irregularities in conduct isn't because of the circumstance alone or arbitrary blunder; it comes from examples of variety inside the person which are calle

Research On The Asian Currency Crisis 1997 Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

According to Kaminsky and Reinhart, 1999, there have been many currency crises during the post-war era. They can be classified as first-, second- or third-generation currency crisis. A currency crisis is an episode in which the exchange rate depreciates substantially during a short period of time. FIRST GENERATION CURRENCY CRISIS MODEL: Krugman (1979) and Flood and Garber (1984) models come under first generation models. It states that, traders speculate against fixed exchange rate in order to profit from an anticipated speculation. In first-generation models, the collapse of a fixed exchange rate regime is caused by unsustainable fiscal policy. A hallmark of first-generation models is that the government runs a persistent primary deficit. The key ingredients of a first-generation model are purchasing power parity (PPP), government budget constraint, timing of deficits, money demand function, governments rule for abandoning the fixed exchange rate and the post-crisis monetary policy. In first-generation models the government follows an exogenous rule to decide when to abandon the fixed exchange rate regime. This model suggests that- The crisis is due to the poor government policy. The source of the upward trend in the shadow exchange rate is given by the increase i n domestic credit. Even though the crisis is sudden, it is a deterministic event: the crisis is inevitable given the policies and the timing is in principle predictable. These models are not harmful and it doesnt have effect on output. The crisis determination is a future policy stances that investors foresee, not the one observed in the past. The importance of policy choice in deciding to quit the fixed exchange rate regime. In fist generation models, there is no relation between capital flight and abandonment of the peg. There is no long-run equilibrium exchange rate. SECOND GENERATION CURRENCY CRISIS MODEL: These models are mainly based on the interactions between expectations, macro economic trade-offs and decisions. These are characterized by multiple equilibria and the interactions between market expectations and policy outcomes. In second-generation models the government maximizes an explicit objective function (Obstfeld, 1994). This maximization problem dictates if and when the government will abandon the fixed exchange rate regime. These differs from the first generation models in no irresponsible policy, no predictability of the crisis and there is no negative impact on employment and output if the country leaves the peg. 2. MORAL HAZARD Moral hazard is a situation where one party has more information(usually the party that is insulated from the risk) than the other in a transaction (usually the party paying for the negative consequences of the risk). It arises because an individual/institution does not take the full responsibilities of its doings and also from principal-agent problem. EXPANDED GOVERNMENT GUARANTEES FOR BANK LIABILITIES: A key element of policy crisis is the government provision of a financial safety net for financial institutions. So governments have felt obliged to go beyond the usual support measures, moving to expand existing guarantees and to introduce new ones. The valuation problems and other related actions like loss sharing arrangements for assets and capital injections were appeared to prevent further loss of confidence on the part of market participants by raising that the retail depositors and other creditors would continue to provide a stable source of funding for banks. It leads in reducing the threat of insolvency of these entities. By doing this, the government earns a small fee from the debt issuer for lending out its top credit rating like as financial guarantee insurance companies,. There are no further hidden costs associated with these measures. Even if guarantees do not generate significant upfront fiscal costs, they create large contingent fiscal liabilities, as well as other potential costs that may arise as a result of distortions of incentives and competition. Another important issue related to the additional guarantees is their pricing. In this respect, the potential distortions should be limited to the extent that government guarantees are priced appropriately. By contrast, distortions may arise because when guarantees are offered at prices that are substantially lower than market or some form of fair prices. WORKING OF CIRCULAR PROCESS IN REVERSE TO CAUSE ASSET PRICES COLLAPSES The mechanism of crisis involved that same circular proces s but in reverse: falling asset prices made the insolvency of intermediaries visible, forcing them to cease operations, leading to further asset deflation. This circularity explain both the remarkable severity of the crisis and the apparent vulnerability of the Asian economies to self-fulfilling crisis. The boom-bust cycle in Asian economies experienced in the investment and in asset prices. It showed that assets were in imperfectly elastic supply. In the first period, investors bid for fixed assets(land) and set their price. In the second period they receive rents, which are uncertain at the time of bidding. The intermediaries can bid on the land based not on the expected value of future rent but on the Pangloss value. So all assets will end up owned by intermediaries, and the price of the assets will be double what it would be in an undistorted economy. 3. MORAL HAZARD CAUSING A DEADWEIGHT SOCIAL LOSS Moral hazard is the lack of any incentive to guard against a risk when you are protected against it by the insurance is called moral hazard. It is the phenomenon of undertaking risky corrupt loans and transactions, but knowing that if it fails the state will pick up the tab. In the table 1, one yields $107 million; the other will yield $120 million in favourable conditions (good state), but only $80 million in unfavourable conditions(bad state). The good state and the bad state are equally likely, so that the expected returns on this risky investment are $100 million. But, the owner of the financial intermediary knows that while he can capture the excess returns in the good state, he can walk away from the losses in the bad state. So if he chooses the safe investment he gains a sure 7; but if he chooses the risky investment he gains 20 in the good state, loses nothing in the bad state, for an expected gain of 10. Thus his incentive is to choose the risky investment, even though it has a lower expected return. And this distortion of investment decisions produces a deadweight social loss: the expected net return on the invested capital falls from $7 million to zero. The globalization of trade and finance is changing international relationships at several levels of interaction like in the conduct of commercial activities, in relation to labour standards, the protection of physical environment and in other social and political issues. Both the captivity and the willingness of the parties who control financial capital to supply or withdraw capital from an economy quickly contribute to the rapid development as well as the severity of balance of payments and debt crisis for some economies. The process of globalization leads to an overall increase in the level of economic activity and everyone benefits from this process. The potential benefit of financial globalization will likely lead to a more financially interconnected world and a deeper degree of financial integration of developing countries with international financial markets. The main benefit of financial globalization for developing countries is the development of their financial system (Levine, 2001). There are two main channels through which financial globalization promotes financial development. First, financial globalization implies that a new type of capital and more capital is available to developing countries. Second, financial globalization leads to a better financial infrastructure, which mitigates information asymmetries and, as a consequence, reduces the problems such as adverse selection and moral hazard. 4,5, 6 7. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE EXPECTED VALUE OF LAND RENT AND ITS CORRESPONDING PENGLOSS VALUE There is a two period model to explain land value. In the first period, investors bid for land and setting its price. In the second period they receive rents, which are uncertain at the time of bidding. The financial intermediaries will be willing to bid on the land, based not on the expected value of future rent but on the Pangloss value. So all land will end up owned by intermediaries, and the price of land will be double what it would be in an undistorted economy. In an undistorted economy we can solve backwards for the price. The expected rent in period 3, and therefore the price of land purchased at the end of period 2, is 50. Therefore the expected return on land purchased in period 1 is = The expected rent in period 2 (50) + The expected price at which it can be sold (50), for a first-period price of 100. This is also the total expected rent over the two periods. Now suppose that intermediaries are in a position to borrow with guarantees. Again working backward, at the end of period 2 they will be willing to pay the Pangloss value of third-period rent, 100. In period 1, they will be willing to pay the most they could hope to realize off a piece of land: the Pangloss rent in period 2, plus the Pangloss price of land at the end of that period. So the price of land with intermediation in period 1 will be 200. It seems that the multi-period version of the model, in which part of the return to investment depends on the future prices of assets, makes no real difference to the distortion of those prices imposed by guaranteed intermediaries. However, this result changes in a dramatic way once we allow for the possibility of changes in the financial regime that is, if we believe that moral hazard may be a sometime thing. 8. KRUGMANS MODEL JUSTIFICATION ON OCUURANCE OF SELF-FULFILLING FINANCIAL CRISIS A key feature of a self-fulfilling crisis is the collective action of economic agents(Obstfeld, 1996 and Radelet and Sachs, 1998). This collective action may be promoted either by random shocks or the direction given by an obvious market leader. In both cases, if the intrinsic self-fulfillingness is believed to be the main reason for the financial crisis, then relatively little can be proposed in the way of future preventive policies. Self-fulfilling crisis may happen even though the countrys financial management is strong. So tough measures such as regulating sort-term capital flows were proposed to prevent the crisis. Krugman noted that the conflicts among the policy objectives do not necessarily ensure a random occurrence of crisis, even if the policy is formulated endogenously. He also stated that when market participants expect gradual worsening of market fundamentals, the economy tends to have unique equilibrium, and crisis erupts as soon as the economy heads into a crisis zone. If the crisis do not occur when an economy enters the crisis zone, this could be due to both arbitary nature of expectations as well as changing expectations about future fundamentals. 9. EXPLANATION OF ASIAN CRISIS 1997 BY KRUGMANS MODEL The Asian financial crises can be attributed to three major factors. They are international factor, domestic factor and intrinsic market failure. Among these three, both the domestic and international factors didnt responsible to much cause of Asian crisis, but the third one intrinsic market failure was responsible for that crisis. So the Asian crisis was because of a unpredictable self-fulfilling financial panic, which is a phenomenon typical of market failure. A key feature of a self-fulfilling crisis is the collective action of economic agents. This collective action may be promoted either by random shocks or the direction given by an obvious market leader. In both cases, if the intrinsic self-fulfillingness is believed to be the main reason for the financial crisis, then relatively little can be proposed in the way of future preventive policies. Self-fulfilling crisis may happen even though the countrys financial management is strong. So tough measures such as regulating sort-t erm capital flows were proposed to prevent the crisis. The East Asian crisis shed the light on the world economy to prevent or escape from the effects of similar crisis that will result in the future. Such developments relate to the deregulated nature of world financial markets, so that the triggering mechanism of a crisis may be financial. This is not to deny that financial panics may also emanate in situations where there has been no significant deterioration in the real economy above all on the profit rates. Hence when profits start to dip a careful calculation needs to be made. In regard to direct investment, the decision naturally cannot be acted upon with immediate effect, but in financial markets exiting from markets can be done almost instantaneously.

The Effects of Traumatic Brain Injury Essay - 880 Words

I. Introduction The focus of this study was to examine the effects of traumatic brain injury (TBI) in children and adolescents on prospective memory. The purpose of the study was to add to the scant research on the effects of TBI on prospective memory in children and adolescents. The authors were also interested in adding support to the existing theory that the prefrontal areas of the brain meditate prospective memory. (Ward et al., 2005) The authors were, for the purposes of this study, assuming that the brain’s prefrontal regions are involved in prospective memory. The authors theorized that younger children, with or without TBI, whose prefrontal regions are not fully developed, should perform poorly on prospective tasks. It was also†¦show more content†¦The participants responded by pressing a green key for a response to a word, or a red key for a nonword. The lower level demand version of the task used longer words, and the higher level version used shorter words. The participants were also shown italic letters, 12 total, within some of the words and non-words presented to them, which are the prospective memory cues. Participants were told to press the 6th key, in a row of grey keys, when they saw an italic letter appear. The participants were also tested with the following tasks to observe executive functioning capabilities: Self Ordered Pointing Task (SOPT), Stroop Color Word Inference Task, and Tower of London (TOL). Responses were collected and data was created on each of the four groups (children and adolescents with and without TBI), showing correct responses for both the high and low cognitive demand levels of the task. The results of the study showed several outcomes. First, that in both groups lexical-decision accuracies were higher in low demand cognitive conditions than in the high conditions. Overall, those with TBI had lower overall prospective memory scores than the participants in the control groups. 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D., Stuss, D. T., 2013) while other studies have looked at the relationships between development in children who have suffered from TBI (Ganesalingam, K., Yeates, K. O., Sanson, A. and AndersonRead MoreThe Effect Of Intracranial Pressure On Adults With Traumatic Brain Injury Essay1618 Words   |  7 Pagesadults with traumatic brain injury. Introduction: The use of mannitol (MTL) and hypertonic saline (HTS) are the main medical management for elevated intracranial pressure (ICP) in traumatic brain injury (TBI) (Marko, 2012). The use of hyperosmotic agents to reduce brain volumes has been known since 1919 (Ropper, 2012). HTS is gaining in popularity over the last few decades (Colton, et al., 2016), but MTL remains the gold standard in the treatment of ICP in the setting of post traumatic events and

Organizational Structure Of The American Red Cross

The American Red Cross is an important entity in the world today. In fact, the organization was created over 100 years ago and has done nothing but grow. This is an organization that went from caring for wounded soldiers to being the guiding spirit of many families when disaster of any kind strikes. The American Red Cross must be strong and organized to handle such a large role. Unfortunately, they are usually not strong or organized. Fundamental Management Problem In recent years, the American Red Cross has experienced a number of problems both inside and outside the organization. All these problems can be traced back to one single management problem: the organization’s structure of control. The structure is unorganized and unable to satisfy the organization’s role in society. Solutions Here are three possible solutions to such a problem: 1. Reduce the number of roles the organization has. 2. Change and enforce the rules and regulations in the organization 3. Modify the whole organizational structure from top to bottom. The best choice for solving the American Red Cross’s management problem is solution 3. Action Plan In order to change the organizational structure there will need to be Congressional support and approval. Before doing so, these changes must be agreed upon by those the plan affects within the organization. These members including the Board of Governance, the Independent Governance Panel, and the board of Volunteers. Once the plan has beenShow MoreRelatedOrganizational Behavior1259 Words   |  6 PagesAmerican Red Cross Organizational Behavior and Communication American Red Cross Organizational Behavior and Communication â€Å"Inspired by the International Red Cross movement established to provide assistance to wounded soldiers, the American Red Cross was established in 1881 by Clara Barton and a number of her acquaintances† (Peerbolte, 2011, p. 17). The mission of the American Red Cross remains largely focused on military serviceRead More The New Age Employee Essay1277 Words   |  6 PagesThe New Age Employee The Human Resource issue that I will be discussing in my paper stems from the American Red Cross. The first, thing I will discuss is the organization’s external environment and then the HR department’s internal system. In the external environment of the American Red Cross, there are several issues affecting the organization. For example, the U.S population is becoming more diverse according to demographics. Also, the number of donors and volunteer’s is steadilyRead MoreChanges in the American Red Cross Essay973 Words   |  4 Pages(1) Changes at the American Red Cross have led to more transparency at the agency. These changes include making public record of its stance on governance and ethics policy. Also, each member of the board of directors is required to sign the Board Member Affirmation of Service, which mandates that each member actively participate a minimum of 15 days per year with the organization, read the Code of Ethics, and comply with the policy. Other changes include the Office of the Ombudsman office itsRead MoreEssay on Ethics Unit 3 Complete Work1602 Words   |  7 Pagesdated facts in this case with more current information. How do these new facts reflect the current ethical culture of the Red Cross? According to the case study, the American Red Cross had seven different acting or permanent heads in the first decade of the 21st century. This run-through of CEOs at the America Red Cross ended when Gail McGovern joined the American Red Cross in April of 2008, and she has been in office since, making complimentary changes and moving the company in the right directionRead MoreThe Scene Of A Major Emergency Or Disaster1336 Words   |  6 Pagesnormal organizational structure in times of disaster. Fire departments, police, and emergency medical personnel are examples of established organizations that are expected to respond to disasters. 2. Expanding Organizations – These organizations are expected to be involved in disasters and able to engage in response activities, however, they must expand their operational structure to do so, typically by recruiting volunteers. Examples of expanding organizations are the American Red Cross and theRead MoreEthical Issues Within the American Red Cross Essay760 Words   |  4 PagesThe American Red Cross (ARC) is an organization that was founded in 1881 by Clara Barton and established itself as the most well-known emergency relief organization devoted to the care of war victims, disaster victims, and the suffering worldwide. Unfortunately, the ARC has been plagued with a high executive turnover, slow response to disastrous events, and mismanagement of donation funds. These problems now have the ARC facing another problem, fixing their credibility for the future. The Red CrossRead MoreAmerican Red Cross Essay768 Words   |  4 PagesThe American Red Cross Summary The American Red Cross (ARC) is an independent organization, supported by public financial donations and volunteerism. It provides relief to victims of disasters and help people prevent, prepare for and respond to emergencies. The company has been widely criticized for the way it handled 9/11 in 2001 and Hurricane Katrina in 2005 as being inadequate and poorly managed. The company has allegations of fraud, bribery and even theft on the part of volunteers and employeesRead MoreAssignment 3: the American Red Cross (Arc)† Essay1402 Words   |  6 PagesAssignment 3: The American Red Cross (ARC)† October 28, 2012 HRM 522 Ethics Advocacy For HR Pro Determine the impact of this event on ARC’s â€Å"benefits of business ethics† (employee commitment, investor loyalty, customer satisfaction, and bottom line). Business ethics includes the principles and standards that guide behavior in the world of business. The ethical behavior of a company is being judged and determined by its stakeholders. They may not always be right but their judgment affectsRead MoreAmerican Red Cross Case Study1043 Words   |  4 Pagesof the September 11th terrorist attacks and Hurricane Katrinas devastation of New Orleans in 2005, the venerable charity organization American Red Cross (ARC) was subjected to intense public and political scrutiny. This pressurized process of external examination eventually revealed an abundance of systemic flaws in the ARCs organizational management structure, including widespread fraud and abuse of privileges by executives, gross misconduct on the part of volunteers and other employees, and anRead MoreImproving Partnerships with Big Companies to Help the ARC Increase Donations for the Aid of Individuals in Need649 Words   |  3 Pagesany fund raising campaign. Externally speakin g, they must monitor their advertising practices to clearly communicate to the donors how funds donated in response to an advertisement will be utilized. I would also investigate ways to see if The American Red Cross can add more strategic goals and objectives that would reflect how the organization performs compared to other non-profit agencies that help victims (such as the Salvation Army). Strategic objectives might include being on site or providing

Social Media in Formal Communication for Tracksuits- MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theSocial Media in Formal Communication for Tracksuits. Answer: Introduction: The assignment studies an organisation which wants to develop its present communication channel to facilitate business transactions with its new location in China. The paper starts with a summary of the communication requirements of the organisation with Tracksuits-N-Sportswear Company Limited, Australia as its backdrop. The section is deals with the ethical and cultural implications followed by recommendations to improve the communication channel by incorporation of skype to hold business conferences. Summary and Evaluation: Summary of the Proposal: Tracksuits-N-Sportswear Company Limited is a Brisbane based sport wear manufacturing firm headquartered in Brisbane, Australia. The company acquired the logos of universities and sports companies and manufactured garments in a garage. The owners in order to expand their operation to cope to increase in demand, the owner took commercial premises on lease. The firm opened a second sales and marketing branch in China. The existing flow of communication took place among the employees over the mobile phones and landlines. The departments exchanged invoices and order over email network while the general news was shared in form of newsletters. This expansion in business resulted in lack of effective communication which resulted in time lapse between receipt of orders and shipments. The owners want to strengthen the formal communication channel in use and include social media. The relevant requirements from the social media application were to allow sending messages, track location of employ ees for safety reasons and facilitate online conferences. It can uses application like skype which allows conferencing, chatting through written messages and location of the employees (Jaggi et al. 2014). Evaluation: The evaluation of the new communication model based on social networking site shows that it is the requirement of expanding organisations like Tracksuits-N-Sportswear Company Limited. The communication model applies to the organisation because the expansion will necessitate stronger communication between the offices in China and Australia. The model of communication followed by the firm in question consists of several modes of communication which the staffs used to communicate with each other. The staffs exchanged invoices and other business related documents over email. They conversed with each other over mobile and landline telephones. The important news was circulated in form of newsletters issued by the superiors. The interactive model of communication followed by the firm allowed the employees to communicate within the commercial area in Brisbane, Austalia (Stohl and Ganesh 2014). However, expansion of business and its subsequent entry in China required it to install a system th at would support overseas business communication. The proposal of the firm to set up a communication model which incorporates overseas communication would have a modernisation effect on the communication model in use. The firm can use skype to communicate between the two offices in Australia and China. The application will allow the employees to hold conference with each other and exchange documents. They will also be able to send messages and the managers would be able to locate their subordinates to ensure their security. It allows video calls which will facilitate conferencing between the employees of the two offices and with their clients. It will help faster processing of orders and faster delivery of products (Skype, 2017). Ethical and Intercultural Implications: Employee, Employer or Customer Privacy when Using Technology: The expansion of the business operations into China will necessitate the Australian garment manufacturer to communicate between people like Chinese customers and employees. It implies that the firms Australian employees need to communicate with their Chinese counterparts ethically. Onatolu, Akwaowo and Zobisch (2016) state in their work that expansion into other countries like China requires effective communication with the people having different culture, languages, religions and other diversity factors. The management and the top executives of the firm should communicate with the Chinese employees ethically. They should maintain privacy of the important business data exchange over the internet platforms. The management should extend the use of the modern multipurpose applications like skype to the Chinese employees as well. The management should employ high security technology to secure the crucial business data and regulate access to it to secure it from data theft and illegal usa ge. These ethical sharing and application of data will create a more conductive and ethical business environment in the organisation (Holtbrgge, Weldon and Rogers 2013). Impact of Technologies or Organisational Structure on Intercultural Communication: The use of technology, structure of the organisation and its information flow impact the intercultural communication between the employees and the customers located in the two countries (Australia and China). Technology today helps in bridging the gaps between cultural and facilitates transparent business communication between people from diverse cultures (Battistella, De Toni and Pillon 2016). Moran, Abramson and Moran (2014) point out that today expansion of businesses into foreign countries requires business operations to suit to the cultures, religious and national values of the people involved in the business. The Chinese and the Australian people have distinct culture, perception of words and understanding of body language. The Australian organisation should use the modern communication system over skype to exchange transparent business information to enforce trust between their business partners in Australia as well as China. The structure of the organisation should be based on ethical treatment of employees irrespective of their origin. This ethical flow of information will enforce greater coordination and cooperation between the Australian and the Chinese employees. Thus, ethical use of technology and an employee centric organisation structure will facilitate smooth flow of business operation between the Australian employees, clients and their Chinese counterparts (Jensen 2013). Recommendations: The management should incorporate skype as a part of its new communication model that would allow conferencing, messaging and locating activities between the Australian and Chinese offices. The modern system will allow faster transmission of data between the company employees and the clients with incorporation Toulmins model. It will allow the parties in the communication process presents rebuttals or counter statements and back their statements up with documentary evidences like invoices and emails (Pedemonte and Balacheff 2016). The modern video conferencing over skype will facilitate the parties exchanging business information to see each other which will lend credibility or ethos to the communication. They will be able to understand each others pathos or emotions and logos or logic(Emanuel, Rodrigues and Martins 2015). It will enable more effective intercultural communication between the Australian employees, customers and their Chinese counterparts. The video conference will allow faster processing of the invoices and reduce the gap between order and shipment time. The parties can exchange the documents itself during the video conferences which will help them to communicate their specific requirements like dates and material specifications. This will allow the firm to understand the requirements of the clients and deliver with greater accuracy. Conclusion: The study shows that modern webchat software like skype can make business communication more effective. It can make cross cultural business communications between the multiple locations of the companies more effective and business aligned. The management of the garment company should incorporate modern video conference systems to ensure faster receipt and processing of business orders. It will also promote healthier relationship and understanding between the employees stationed in the two locations of Australia and China. References: Battistella, C., De Toni, A.F. and Pillon, R., 2016. Inter-organisational technology/knowledge transfer: a framework from critical literature review.The Journal of Technology Transfer,41(5), pp.1195-1234. Emanuel, B., Rodrigues, C. and Martins, M., 2015, August. Rhetoric of Interaction: analysis of pathos. InInternational Conference of Design, User Experience, and Usability(pp. 417-427). Springer International Publishing. Holtbrgge, D., Weldon, A. and Rogers, H., 2013. Cultural determinants of email communication styles.International Journal of Cross Cultural Management,13(1), pp.89-110. Jaggi, M., Smith, V., Takc, M., Terhorst, J., Krishnan, S., Hofmann, T. and Jordan, M.I., 2014. Communication-efficient distributed dual coordinate ascent. InAdvances in Neural Information Processing Systems(pp. 3068-3076). Jensen, J.V., 2013.Ethical issues in the communication process. Routledge. Moran, R.T., Abramson, N.R. and Moran, S.V., 2014.Managing cultural differences. Routledge. Onatolu, A., Akwaowo, E. and Zobisch, P., 2016. Business Strategic Leadership, Marketing, and Cultural Competence in International Business.J Bus Hum ResourManag,2(011). Pedemonte, B. and Balacheff, N., 2016. Establishing links between conceptions, argumentation and proof through the ck-enriched Toulmin model.The Journal of Mathematical Behavior,41, pp.104-122. Skype. 2017. Skype.com. Retrieved 24 May 2017, from https://www.skype.com/en/ Stohl, C. and Ganesh, S., 2014. Generating globalization.The Sage handbook of organizational communication: Advances in theory, research, and methods, pp.717-742.

Looking At Globalization And The Effect On Cultures Religion Essay Example

Looking At Globalization And The Effect On Cultures Religion Essay With the coming of globalisation and vanishing of boundaries between the states, it is really common to see people from assorted geographicss, civilizations coming down and working or analyzing. It is a common scenario even at a work topographic point or a college where we can descry people from assorted states interacting with each other, making concerns, analyzing or being portion of each other s life in a large manner. Before traveling in front and depicting about my experiences let s seek specifying cultural and its importance at workplace. Culture could be defined anything related to art, civilization, life style, music, etc associating to a peculiar community or a group of people populating together or holding and following the same set of beliefs. Now looking at the importance of civilization in the workplace, it plays a really critical function. Cultural defines the values, the beliefs of the persons or a community, even their twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours behaviour is influenced by it. So it has a direct impact on their on the job manner and relationships with people at workplace, their behaviour at workplace, etc. Now when we talk about this, we should besides see the organisation civilization and its impact on the person. Of class, the organisation or the establishment plays a important function in determining the behaviour and the civilization of the person at work topographic poi nt, now how does he suit into this is of import. By and large people opt for such organisations or establishments where they fit in on or where similar values and civilization exists. Now let us look how things are today with the coming of organisations which consists of diverse squads. We will write a custom essay sample on Looking At Globalization And The Effect On Cultures Religion specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Looking At Globalization And The Effect On Cultures Religion specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Looking At Globalization And The Effect On Cultures Religion specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer But before that Lashkar-e-Taiba me portion some of my experiences One thing I was truly looking to when I decided to come to UK was to run into and interact with assorted people. But at the same clip I was really nervous. I had all kinds of uncertainties in my head besides. Would I be accepted? Would I suit into the civilization? Bing lived in India throughout my life and non interacting with anyone from outside India, I had all impressions in my caput. Even I had apprehensivenesss sing the life styles and the behaviour of the people. But after I landed in UK my perceptual experience changed a batch. I was non the lone cat who had left his state and had come down here. There were 1000s like me. And even the people were really receptive. Though I mingled with my community and state folks in the beginning, it was merely after I came into college and started working and run intoing other pupils I realized that it was non bad really. All my perceptual experiences and frights were a complete false. My first interaction was so during one of those assignments. My group had perceived me as a geek and person who would be good at mathematics so would hold by birth analytical accomplishments being an Indian. But I truly had to state them that though we have rather a good figure of the population who was good at these things back place, but I was a awful batch at mathematics. This was when we all realized how we had pre-conceived impressions about people based upon their cultural and geographical backgrounds. Like I thought, Pakistanis were a closed batch who would be tough to interact but they were as a affair of fact merely like me. Of class, people ever find comfort in people with similar involvements or similar community and background. Like for illustration, I was merely with my Indian friends for about a month after I came to UK. I was merely excessively diffident and scared to interact or do friends with any one else. And I had so many Indians that I did nt happen the demand to besides. But shortly I realized that by making so I am halting myself from spread outing my skylines in cognition besides. I got to cognize about a batch of things through my series of interactions with assorted people. Benefits of Cross-Culture Teams With the squad being more and more diverse, the thought will be different and it will ensue in truly different positions and thoughts fluxing in. The squad would non merely make consensus but truly believe of many solutions or different replies. This would promote creativeness and innovativeness. It makes the group insight effectual. Common benefits The whole squad being diverse would carry through the short approachs of each other to some extent. And besides it is a learning experience. Geting to cognize about other civilizations, linguistic communications, and people is ever interesting. Enhancement of interpersonal accomplishments. Working with such a squad, broadens your thought and you come across new avenues and positions. Brands you more adaptable to any environment and people. Continuous betterment groups with such diverseness ever inquiries, therefore doing it more and more ambitious and endeavoring to acquire the best out of the group. Sometimes people in homogeneous groups do non take part much believing everyone thinks the same. But in such instances relatively the engagement degrees of the group is high. Because everyone bring in a different thought and position before the group. If I have to speak about my experiences, good I must state I have gained vastly. At first I used to be soundless and non-participative. But now I feel I can pour in really of import points because I think really otherwise from the remainder of the group, so I bring in a different set of thought. This really benefits our treatments. I have truly developed great interpersonal accomplishments besides. Now I feel free to speak to anyone and from anyplace. I am non diffident or scared any longer. Even being in a diverse group, we use each of our single strengths and unite them to organize the strengths of the group. For illustration, one of my squad members is good at placing and roll uping the information, I am good at analysing it, some one else is good at showing it and the other at placing mistakes. So all these strengths are combined together so that we eventually present the chef-doeuvre. Problems faced with cross-culture squads Language: This is one of the major issues. Though English has emerged as the common International linguistic communication but there is a batch of difference in British English and American and of class Indian. Even the pronunciation and the spoken linguistic communication differ a batch. This can sometimes do miscommunication. Language barriers can besides take to non-participation or inability to show thoughts freely. Apart from verbal and written communicating, a major portion of communicating happens through Non-verbal communicating. Now across assorted civilizations we have different communicating manners and besides different significances to certain things. Now it is highly of import to better cognize before we communicate anything as others might acquire pained if we do non understand decently. Cultural clangs Sometimes, there can be a entire clang in the civilizations and their beliefs. Such things should be handled decently and non merely ignored. Time this is a really of import factor while working in groups. The attitude of the squad members towards clip is really of import. Sometimes few of them group members emphasize on clip a batch but others do non see it that of import or neglect it because of their old beliefs and patterns. This could take to a struggle of involvement. Pre-conceptions and stereotypes: Peoples have a batch of preconceived impressions in their heads sing people from some civilizations and topographic points. Now that could be wholly incorrect. The individual might be wholly different. So it is non good to judge anyone merely because they belong to a civilization or a location. Difference in executing of work. False Consensus consequence: Sometimes people think that others besides think precisely like them or they feel that everyone would hold the same set of beliefs. Wayss to get the better of troubles faced when working in an international squad Effective communicating: This is one of the most of import facets. The members should look into if their points are decently understood. And look into for any miscommunication. Adhere to certain regulations, which can be framed consequently, so that everyone sticks to it. For illustration, we talked about the importance of clip. Now its better if the group decided that clip has a batch of importance and no 1 is late for the meetings, etc. Having a planetary mentality ever helps instead than transporting those old beliefs to the group. Every member of the group should workout on their strengths and failing so that we can work out of the overall strengths and failing. Avoiding prepossessions and stereotypes The whole energy of diverseness is good if used positively and for the improvement of the group. But we have to be careful and avoid any negativeness or struggles. Now allow me come to my personal experiences. I have already mentioned about the benefits I had got working with such a group. But I excessively faced many jobs. Like for illustration, in the beginning I was non so good at understanding the linguistic communication. Though I had learnt English throughout my instruction in India, but sometimes the degree of vocabulary and the pronunciation was really hard to hold on in the beginning and I used to sound amusing with my Indian speech pattern. Those were my tough times when I sometimes kept shut so that I do nt abash myself or even I did nt understood anything I would non reiterate it. But so of class during the class of clip, things settle down. There was a similar experience with clip. Bing a lazy Indian, I was non used to the promptness in my school or college. Back place it was a kind of a relaxed environment. But here every 2nd counts, hence I had to truly alter myself to accommodate to the current values and beliefs of the group. One of the effectual ways of get the better ofing such jobs is by increasing the Cultural Intelligence of the squad members. Now what is this Cultural Intelligence? It is seeking to understand other s behaviour and seeking to understand his values and beliefs so that to interact with him in a manner he is comfy. Peoples can be classified into 6 classs of Cultural Intelligence: The Provincial: Such individual is effectual merely when working with people from a similar civilization and background of his ain. Lacks the ability to work with others. The Analyst: He is the individual, who would analyse the civilization of his fellow mate and seek to acquire the strengths and frame schemes consequently. The Natural: Relies wholly on intuition and is non interested in analysing or larning new beliefs and about new civilizations. The Ambassador: He is nice and friendly. Though he is non cognizant much about the people or persons from other civilizations and backgrounds, but he is confident he can manage them. The Mimic: He gels in really good and has enormous assurance and he knows he will suit into the function. The Chameleon: Changes his colourss consequently. He is sometimes even baffled about his beginning. He fits into really absolutely. Now the work would be sorting all the members into the above class and work out how to manage them. Decision We have seen through this paper and through the penetrations and experiences of the writer about the cross-culture squads and their benefits and challenges. But these yearss, with the coming of globalisation such squads are ineluctable. Hence, we should work to get the better of the challenges and utilize the strengths of the persons to construct up the strengths of the squad. It is of import to truly understand persons and their civilizations and work consequently so that there is no miscommunication or struggle.

15 Essay Topics on the Internet History

15 Essay Topics on the Internet History Today, we’re writing about the history of the Internet. This is a three-part guide that will assist you in writing an excellent and highly proficient essay. In this guide, you’ll find some very interesting and informative facts on Internet’s history. The other two guides are briefly explained at the bottom of this page. Here are 20 facts on the Internet’s history to help you write a proficient essay: The term Internet was first coined by the US Department of Defense to ease internal communications. California became the birthplace of the first ever Internet communications to take place. The term World Wide Web came into existence in 1989 rather late after the first ever electronic computing devices. And the company that conceived it was NEXT, created by Steve Jobs. The first ever message to be sent using Internet communications or protocols was LO. This happened in Stanford as a user tried to type in LOGIN. The user’s name was Charley Kline, who at the time was a student at UCLA. After entering the first â€Å"L† and â€Å"O†, the system crashed, though about an hour later the system was recovered and the first message ever on the Internet was sent. The protocols for Internet were developed by ARPANET (Advanced Research Project Agency Network), a company which worked on early packet switching networks in 1970s which made it possible to join multiple networks. File sharing on the Internet was made possible in 1989 at McGill University due to an accident that closed their FTP server. Before that, sharing was only possible in point-to-point communications. It wasn’t available for a wide area network. Commercial ISPs (Internet service providers) emerged in the 1980s where the common man could now enjoy the advantages of being online. For the first time, the Internet was provided by the US government in some of the states. In 1995, the remaining restrictions were removed and the Internet was made widely available to the public. â€Å"Internet† is short for Internet Transmission Control. The term was somewhat abbreviated in 1974. In 1982, the name Internet was made official.   The term â€Å"surfing† came about in 1992 in New York by a lady who was new to the Internet.   According to various scientific schools of thought, telegraph machines are said to be the inspiration behind the Internet. But largely, it is accredited to a man named Leonard Kleinrock who wrote a paper called â€Å"Information Flow in Large Communication Nets†.   The Internet time is being maintained or tracked by a digital clock that was created in Colorado, which is so accurate that it will reportedly not make an error in 20 million years. This clock is responsible for maintaining Internet time.   Electronic emails came into being in 1972, and were ‘invented’ by Ray Tomlinson, a scientist from the University of Cambridge. This sophisticated invention introduced the difference between sender and receiver and could identify email addresses. Queen Elizabeth sent her first email in 1976, the first ever state leader to use the Internet for communication purposes. Around 3.2 billion people browse the web (worldwide), with Asians making the largest chunk totaling 1.7 billion users, which makes it around 45% of the total population. The Internet has also reached third world countries, and around 30% of the population in third world countries has Internet access. However, a good Internet connection is yet to reach many areas. The Internet is growing faster than the population, with the population change rate standing around 1.13%, and the Internet users are increasing at around 7%, with the user base expected to hit 4 billion in the next four years. Internet addiction is considered a disease in some parts of the world, including China where there are special treatment camps for Internet users. According to Tao Ran, China’s first Internet addiction treatment clinic’s director, around 40% of ‘patients’ suffer from hyperactivity due to the constant use of the Internet. In the year 1965, Mr. Donald Davies suggested a proposal of national data network which was based entirely on packet-switching. Althought his proposal of doing so wasn’t recognized nationally, Mr. Donald went on and made the Mark I packet-switched network in 1970. Mark I worked under real-life operational conditions and moreover fulfilled the needs of a multidisciplinary laboratory. In the later years, 1976 to be specific, the system became even more operational as around 75 terminal devices and 12 computers were connected, as the years progressed more were added until 1986 when it was replaced. ARPANET was the one it got replaced with and if we look at the history of the Internet we’d find that NPL and ARPANET were the first two networks that effectively and practically used packet switching. If we are to look at the history of the Internet, the French advanced just as quickly as the Americans did in packet switching. CYCLADES was the very first packet switching network which was designed and implemented by Louis Pouzin. It was seen in action in 1973, and was originally to be introduced to provide alternative options to the ARPANET design, which was still in its adolescence. CYCLADES was going to be a general system to support network research on a wider and a more multidirectional way. It was a complex and intricate system that was able to create a feedback system where the host was responsible for the data transfer. Before the introduction of CYCLADES, the network was responsible to do so, however due to CYCLADES’ end-to-end protocol system it was a better option to do so. These were 11 interesting facts on the Internet’s history through which you can extract some good material for your essay. The next part of this guide is 20 topics on Internet history for a proficient custom essay, and in the third part, titled, how to write a history essay on the Internet, we’ll have tips on how to create a similar essay. We wish you all the best for your research work. References: Peters, J. (2016). The idealist : Aaron Swartz and the rise of free culture on the Internet. New York: Scribner. Powers, S. Jablonski, M. (2015). The real cyber war : the political economy of Internet freedom. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. Ryan, J. (2010). A history of the Internet and the digital future. London, England: Reaktion Books. Dechow, D., Struppa, D. Nelson, T. (2015). Intertwingled : the work and influence of Ted Nelson. Cham: Springer. Gillies, J. Cailliau, R. (2000). How the Web was born : the story of the World Wide Web. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Birman, K. (2005). Reliable distributed systems : technologies, Web services, and applications. New York: Springer. Mueller, M. (2010). Networks and states the global politics of Internet governance. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press.

Consumer Behaviour Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Consumer Behaviour - Assignment Example A synopsis of their responses is identified in the following table. Influencing Factors Respondent 1 Respondent 2 Respondent 3 Respondent 4 Name Stuart Jane Mark Danial Age 23 35 31 28 Perception about Body cosmetics Thinks that body cosmetics are important part of personal hygiene Thinks that body cosmetics have become a necessity Thinks that cosmetics ultimately worsen the body conditions Thinks that body cosmetics are highly important Perception about Body Lotion Thinks that they have become an important part of cosmetics Thinks that creams and shower gel can do the job Thinks that normal soaps and massage oils are the best Would certainly like to own one Description of their self Considers himself as an early adopter of new products Is not very brand loyal; Will buy any product offered at competitive price Believes in Tried and tested products Is always anxious to update his fashion statement Social Influence in Product purchase decisions He would opt for personal investigation r ather than social groups Prefers to take the help from his peers before purchasing a decision. Believes that social pressures are not that important. Individuality matters more Wants to stand out from his peers in terms of the products he uses Influence of Cultural Background Thinks that culture stops him from being an early adopter Considers that culture defines the limits to his purchase decisions Considers that Culture is most important in purchase decisions Has no consideration for culture. Can opt for any product if it suits his needs Psychological Factors Thinks that the promotions is most important in motivating consumers to buy the product Thinks that the texture of the product and its physical layout is most important Thinks that the most important factor is the utility that the product provides Thinks that the linkage between consumer need and the utility of the product can motivate the customer to buy Recommendations for Aqua Mist Considers the product to be reliable beca use of the brand name; wants to buy the product immediately Considers that although the product is good, more work should be done on the layout of the lotion bottle and the logo Won’t buy the product as it does not offer any think new in his opinion. Wants to buy the product if it is readily available in the market and hype for the lotion Is created. Considering the responses provided by the respondents and evaluating the characteristics of Aqua Mist and the related product line of Lush Cosmetics, we can easily identify that the prospects of this product are great. If the company launches the product with a clear reference to the brand and clearly communicates the core characteristics of the body lotion, the customers will be eager to buy the product (Kardes, 2011). CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: In the introduction of the report we clearly identified that the Lush cosmetics is a well established company which has its operations running in several countries and therefore, i t has the privilege of enjoying a strong brand name and some loyal consumer base. We then identified the product line expansion strategy of the company in terms of launching a new product called Aqua Mist and related product categories. When considering the decisions like product launch, it is important that a thorough research on the market conditions and the consumers of the products is made and to accomplish the task we identified some of the factors that

Management and Leadership Analysis for TESCO Company Essay

Management and Leadership Analysis for TESCO Company - Essay Example But in terms of foreign establishment, it is recommended that TESCO should apply Behavioral Leadership approach along with its Task Performance and Maintenance Performance categories. Democratic style of leadership is recommended in general conditions but to counter the high internal and external threat, autocratic leadership style would beneficial to TESCO. TESCO plc is a UK based international grocery and general products retail chain. With respect to worldwide sales and UK market share, Tesco is the largest British retailer that currently has profit greater than 03 billion pounds while at the same time it is 3rd largest global retailer based on revenue, after United State’s Wal-Mart and France’s Carrefour. Presently TESCO is operating 923 grocery stores and approximately 240,000 workers. During the last decade, the company has expanded its network to new UK supermarkets in new territories. Moreover, from 1994 to 2004, the company had launched its operations in 12 international markets including Central Europe and Asian markets. TESCO’s internationalization has direct repercussions on its operational management. It includes a variety of planning, retail designing and process, operational management and controlling, stock management, and human resource management. Several internal and external factors have created serious implications for TESCO during recent years. Along with other UK and US markets, TESCO has also been affected by the global recession and has economic concerns through the credit crunch. Rising prices of raw material used for food and non-food products has created an overall negative impact on profit margins. As far as market competitors are concerned, United State’s Wal-Mart is a persisting threat for TESCO that may take over the market with respect to profit and share.

Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002 Essay Example for Free

Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002 Essay Descriptions of the main aspects of the regulatory environment which will protect the public from fraud within corporations are going to be provided in this paper. A special attention to the Sarbanes – Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX) requirement; along with an evaluation of whether Sarbanes-Oxley Act will be effective in avoiding future frauds based on their implemented rules and regulations. The main aspects of the regulatory environment are based on the different laws and regulations the different governmental institutions such as federal, state, and local developed to create control over business practices. The regulatory environment creates a positive business financial operational environment as well as efficiency in management, integration of capital flow and domestic savings. For instance, the Securities Act of 1933 which provides regulations and laws to those offering corporate stocks to the public (University of Phoenix, 2014). Another regulatory environment is the Securities Act of 1934. The Securities Act of 1934 regulates and uses laws for trading stocks on markets that are consider as secondary markets like the New York Stock Exchange. The Securities Act of 1933 also provides the requirements for financial reporting and auditing for corporations (University of Phoenix, 2014). When looking at the history of the business environment regulatory compliance has been part of the process of conducting business. In addition, in most industries the different organizations are going to find different rules and regulations that are presented by the government, requiring companies to follow them. In the event, these are not followed the business will be confronted with penalties for not following the regulations that are clearly defined by the government. As time progresses, many regulations were created to help and prevent fraud against the public. Some of these regulations include the requirement of state filing, and laws to create fair lending to the public. An example of this is the Securities and Exchange Commission also known as the SEC. The SEC is a major aspect of the regulatory environment. â€Å"The mission of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission is to protect investors, maintain fair, orderly, and efficient markets, and facilitate capital formation † (SEC, 2013, para. 1). In today’s environment, many are utilizing the market as a way to secure their future. The way to secure the future is by purchasing and paying for a home, pay for children college tuition, as well as any  other expenses. As investors, it is important that the SEC does protect these individuals. According to the SEC (2013) â€Å"the common interest of all Americans in a growing economy that produces jobs, improves our standard of living, and protects the value of our savings means that all of the SECs actions must be taken with an eye toward promoting the capital formation that is necessary to sustain economic growth† (para. 4). The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (2013) states â€Å"the laws and rules that govern the securities industry in the United States derive from a simple and straightforward concept: all investors, whether large institutions or private individuals, should have access to certain basic facts about an investment prior to buying it, and so long as they hold it† (para. 6). To ensure this rule is followed by ever organization the SEC requires public companies to make the appropriate financial state available to the general public. Making this statement public, future investors as well as current investors can clearly see and determine whether or not the investor wants to purchase, sell or hold an investment. The SEC (2013) also states â€Å"the result of this information flow is a far more active, efficient, and transparent capital market that facilitates the capital formation so important to our nations economy† (para. 7). The SEC is proactively working with other major markets that participate in environmental securities to certify that this guideline is being followed. One of the SEC functions is to supervise the participants in the area of securities world. The securities would include the areas of securities exchanges, securities brokers and dealers, mutual funds as well as investment advisors. Another function the SEC provides is the promotion of disclosure of market related information and to maintain appropriate dealings. In addition, as a yearly procedure the SEC submits civil enforcement actions to those individuals and companies violating any of the securities laws. The infractions can include accounting fraud, trading misconduct, and providing deceptive as well as false information in regards the company’s procedures or securities. In doing this yearly event and disclosing market related data, it allows the SEC to protect companies and individuals against fraud. The SEC is an organization that works closely with other institutions to ensure rules and regulations are implemented and followed by the public. Some of the institutions that work with the SEC include Congress, self-regulatory organizations such as stock  exchange, federal departments, the state securities regulators, and different private sector. The Securities and Exchange Commission is one of the main regulatory environments that assist to protect the public from fraud that a corporation can commit. Another regulatory environment that collaborates with the enforcement of the rules and regulations is the Sarbanes – Oxley Act (SOX). The Sarbanes – Oxley is a regulatory act â€Å"passed by Congress in 2002 in response to a series of massive corporate frauds (i.e., Enron, WorldCom)† (University of Phoenix, 2014, p. 3). When Congress passed the Sarbanes-Oley Act, it was â€Å"to provide greater protections to investors, creditors, and other stakeholders† (University of Phoenix, 2014, p. 3). SOX will provide greater protection by â€Å"reducing unethical corporate behavior† (University of Phoenix, 2014, p. 3). The SOX play a major function with the SEC because not only this also helps protect the public from fraud a corporation can commit, but because this can provide solutions to issues, the SE C is confronted with based on fraudulent accounting practices. A scandal and major concerns on how American Corporations are governed was the Enron and WorldCom scandal of a series of massive corporation frauds. As a result, the Public Company Accounting Reform and Investor Protection Act of 2002 were developed. The act was established to improve transparency, and to create new standards for accounting firms, for management at senior level, for executives, and for board members of public companies. According to Corporate Secretary (2014) a condition this act present is that companies are required â€Å"to have robust internal control systems that can be built into their compliance processes to promote integrity and accuracy within their business operations (para. 2). With the passing of the Public Company Accounting Reform and Investor Protection Act, Congress intent was to help reduce unethical behavior and to eliminate future corporation scandals. As a result of the creation of the Public Company Accounting Reform and Investor Protection Act the penalties for fraudulent financial activities are more severe (Corporate Secretary, 2014). The Sarbanes – Oxley Act has played an important role in the regulatory environment which will protect the public from fraud within corporations. Even when this act has played an important role it is clear the implementation of the act by legislation is not going to solve the problem of fraud. However; with the implementation of The Sarbanes – Oxley  Act, of The Securities and Exchange Commission, The Securities Act of 1933, and The Securities Act of 1934 it has assisted with minimizing fraud as well as to create transparency when companies are following rules and regulations presented by the gover nment. References Corporate Secretary. (2014). Ten events that have changed corporate governance. Retrieved from http://www.corporatesecretary.com/articles/regulation-and-legal/12277/ten-events-have-changes-corporate-governance/ University of Phoenix. (2014). Week 1 Study Guide: Introduction to Financial Reporting. Retrieved from University of Phoenix, ACC561 Accounting website. U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. (2013). The Investors Advocate: How the SEC Protects Investors, Maintains Market Integrity, and Facilitates Capital Formation. Retrieved from http://www.sec.gov/about/whatwedo.shtml U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. (2013). Codification of Staff Accounting Bulletins. Retrieved from http://www.sec.gov/interps/account/sabcodet1.htm

The Free Will of Macbeth Essay -- Macbeth essays

The Free Will of Macbeth      Ã‚   Destiny "Destiny is not a matter of chance, it is a matter of choice; it is not a thing to be waited for, it is a thing to be achieved." (William Jennings Bryan) Are we in control of our own destiny, our own fate, or are our lives really already planned and mapped out for us? Does Macbeth willfully choose evil in order to achieve his "destiny"? Or, is his "destiny" doomed by the witches' prophecies? Macbeth may not have made any of his same choices, if the three Weird sisters hadn't come to him. In Shakespeare's play Macbeth, Macbeth is no pawn of fate. Although Macbeth was destined to become king, the path he chose to take to achieve his aspiration of obtaining the throne was of his own free will. Macbeth knew exactly what he was doing in order to attain his destiny of becoming king. Although Macbeth was skeptical about the witches' predictions he later learned as the play progressed that destiny truly determined his future.    The prophecy of the witches was that Macbeth would become king. Nowhere did the witches predict the following events in Macbeth's life before he reached the throne. The prophecy of Macbeth becoming Thane of Cawdor had already come true, enhancing Macbeth's aspirations of becoming king. The second prophecy would certainly come true for him, but he has to choose how to get there. Macbeth was destined for the throne, however obtaining that destiny was completely up to him. Killing Duncan seemed to be the only way for him, even though he knew it was wrong. Macbeth was well-aware his actions were immoral and unjust, and he continued with the murders anyway. He contemplates the reasons for why it would be wrong to kill Duncan, showing he could have ... ...rely different way if he had not already been told his future. The witches could have very well enhanced Macbeth's desires he had held up inside him, causing him to make such evil and terrible choices. Macbeth believed that there was a destiny, for he was so threatened by Banquo's destiny of being father to a whole line of kings, that he had Banquo murdered. As the play progressed, Macbeth learned that his destiny ultimately forms his future.    All Macbeth's actions were choices to attain his destiny, but they were nonetheless choices of his own free will. Macbeth was destined to become king; however, destiny doesn't come along with the choices made to achieve that destiny. Macbeth knew what he was doing.    Work Cited Shakespeare, William.   Tragedy of Macbeth . Ed. Barbara Mowat and Paul  Ã‚   Warstine. New York: Washington Press, 1992.  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Frito Lay Case Study

Develop A Plan for Implementing the Chosen Alternative Porter’s Generic Business Strategy Cost Leadership Strategy It is a low cost strategy focusing on broad mass market. – Requires good scale facilities, tight cost and overhead controls and cost minimization in selected functional areas like manufacturing cost, marketing, r & d and advertising Reasons for cost reduction:- Learning experience Frito Lay’s is a worldwide leading manufacturer of snack chips and has 8 to 10 top ten famous brand with brand loyalty customers. They have skills and thereby increase the productivity of the labour.Specialisation and division labour Standardization of work may increase productivity by labour. Efficency is the key factor with less training. – Economies of scale Mass production will reduce the cost. As per test market, Frito Lay’s will be serving about 1. 98 million households that are identified as users of snack chips at the area of Minneapolis – St. P aul Metropolitan. As such, – Control of expenses can charge lower price to customer – Low price strategy serves as a barrier of entry to competitors Differentiation Strategy It is pursued when the product can be differentiatedSun Chips Multigrain Snack is a crispy consisting of blend whole wheat, rice, corn and oat flours with lightly salty multigrain taste and slightly sweet aftertaste. Brand loyalty able to create barriers to entry for new entrants Frito Lay’s has good reputable brand name with their other well-known brand and it is difficult for competitors to entry for new entrants due to high cost of marketing. Frito Lay could use their brand name as the key differentiating strategy in attracting new customer 3. Focus Strategy – Focuses on certain segments of the market in selling productsFrito Lay’s target market segment is those who is taking snack but not everyday because of health conscious concerns – Able to focus efforts on specif ic target market segment more efficiently Develop A Plan for Implementing the Chosen Alternative Porter’s Generic Business Strategy Cost Leadership Strategy It is a low cost strategy focusing on broad mass market. – Requires good scale facilities, tight cost and overhead controls and cost minimization in selected functional areas like manufacturing cost, marketing, r & d and advertisingReasons for cost reduction:- Learning experience Frito Lay’s is a worldwide leading manufacturer of snack chips and has 8 to 10 top ten famous brand with brand loyalty customers. They have skills and thereby increase the productivity of the labour. Specialisation and division labour Standardization of work may increase productivity by labour. Efficency is the key factor with less training. – Economies of scale Mass production will reduce the cost. As per test market, Frito Lay’s will be serving about 1. 8 million households that are identified as users of snack chips at the area of Minneapolis – St. Paul Metropolitan. As such, – Control of expenses can charge lower price to customer – Low price strategy serves as a barrier of entry to competitors Differentiation Strategy It is pursued when the product can be differentiated Sun Chips Multigrain Snack is a crispy consisting of blend whole wheat, rice, corn and oat flours with lightly salty multigrain taste and slightly sweet aftertaste.Brand loyalty able to create barriers to entry for new entrants Frito Lay’s has good reputable brand name with their other well-known brand and it is difficult for competitors to entry for new entrants due to high cost of marketing. Frito Lay could use their brand name as the key differentiating strategy in attracting new customer 3. Focus Strategy – Focuses on certain segments of the market in selling products Frito Lay’s target market segment is those who is taking snack but not everyday because of health conscious concer ns – Able to focus efforts on specific target market segment more efficiently Frito Lay Case Study Develop A Plan for Implementing the Chosen Alternative Porter’s Generic Business Strategy Cost Leadership Strategy It is a low cost strategy focusing on broad mass market. – Requires good scale facilities, tight cost and overhead controls and cost minimization in selected functional areas like manufacturing cost, marketing, r & d and advertising Reasons for cost reduction:- Learning experience Frito Lay’s is a worldwide leading manufacturer of snack chips and has 8 to 10 top ten famous brand with brand loyalty customers. They have skills and thereby increase the productivity of the labour.Specialisation and division labour Standardization of work may increase productivity by labour. Efficency is the key factor with less training. – Economies of scale Mass production will reduce the cost. As per test market, Frito Lay’s will be serving about 1. 98 million households that are identified as users of snack chips at the area of Minneapolis – St. P aul Metropolitan. As such, – Control of expenses can charge lower price to customer – Low price strategy serves as a barrier of entry to competitors Differentiation Strategy It is pursued when the product can be differentiatedSun Chips Multigrain Snack is a crispy consisting of blend whole wheat, rice, corn and oat flours with lightly salty multigrain taste and slightly sweet aftertaste. Brand loyalty able to create barriers to entry for new entrants Frito Lay’s has good reputable brand name with their other well-known brand and it is difficult for competitors to entry for new entrants due to high cost of marketing. Frito Lay could use their brand name as the key differentiating strategy in attracting new customer 3. Focus Strategy – Focuses on certain segments of the market in selling productsFrito Lay’s target market segment is those who is taking snack but not everyday because of health conscious concerns – Able to focus efforts on specif ic target market segment more efficiently Develop A Plan for Implementing the Chosen Alternative Porter’s Generic Business Strategy Cost Leadership Strategy It is a low cost strategy focusing on broad mass market. – Requires good scale facilities, tight cost and overhead controls and cost minimization in selected functional areas like manufacturing cost, marketing, r & d and advertisingReasons for cost reduction:- Learning experience Frito Lay’s is a worldwide leading manufacturer of snack chips and has 8 to 10 top ten famous brand with brand loyalty customers. They have skills and thereby increase the productivity of the labour. Specialisation and division labour Standardization of work may increase productivity by labour. Efficency is the key factor with less training. – Economies of scale Mass production will reduce the cost. As per test market, Frito Lay’s will be serving about 1. 8 million households that are identified as users of snack chips at the area of Minneapolis – St. Paul Metropolitan. As such, – Control of expenses can charge lower price to customer – Low price strategy serves as a barrier of entry to competitors Differentiation Strategy It is pursued when the product can be differentiated Sun Chips Multigrain Snack is a crispy consisting of blend whole wheat, rice, corn and oat flours with lightly salty multigrain taste and slightly sweet aftertaste.Brand loyalty able to create barriers to entry for new entrants Frito Lay’s has good reputable brand name with their other well-known brand and it is difficult for competitors to entry for new entrants due to high cost of marketing. Frito Lay could use their brand name as the key differentiating strategy in attracting new customer 3. Focus Strategy – Focuses on certain segments of the market in selling products Frito Lay’s target market segment is those who is taking snack but not everyday because of health conscious concer ns – Able to focus efforts on specific target market segment more efficiently